Christl A Donnelly

..The aim of this study is to identify similarities and differences in SARS epidemiology in three populations with similar host and viral genotype...

..Additionally, vector populations with strong density-dependent effects will tend to be resistant to SIT-based control as the population-reducing effect of induced sterility will tend to be offset by reduced density-dependent mortality...

..Failure to control the infection has been linked to transmission from European badgers; badger culling has therefore formed a component of British TB control policy since 1973...

..We assessed the epidemiology of SARS in Hong Kong...

..These findings are biologically consistent with previous studies but will present challenges for policy development...

..To test and characterize the dependence of viral load on gender in different countries and racial groups as a function of CD4 T-cell count...

..Only 5% of transmission events were estimated to take place >3 days after the onset of clinical symptoms among those ill with pH1N1 virus. These results will inform future recommendations on duration of isolation of individuals with ILI...

..Finally, future directions of epidemiological analysis of BSE epidemics are discussed taking into account ongoing developments in the science of BSE and possible changes in BSE-related policies...

..Here we present results from a large-scale field trial that indicate that localized badger culling not only fails to control but also seems to increase TB incidence in cattle...

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..We estimate that most currently infected persons are now hospitalized, which highlights the importance of control of nosocomial transmission...

..Such parasite diversity could, in turn, provide an explanation for the different infection scenarios observed between the two regions, and hence have important applied implications in terms of targeted control of key reservoirs...

..These lessons learnt from the SARS experience are presented in an epidemiological and public health context...

..Mixed infections might generate synergistic or antagonistic interactions and thereby clinically affect individuals and/or impact parasite epidemiology...

..Such results suggest a different transmission process within the hilly region from within the marshlands. Moreover, this is the first time that the sibling relationship analysis was applied to the transmission dynamics for S. japonicum...

..However, a full assessment of the utility of badger culling requires information on the duration of culling effects...

..These results demonstrate the continued uncertainty in the future scale of this disease...

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..Risk factors for transmission remain largely uncharacterized. We characterize the risk factors and describe the transmission of the virus within households...

..Infection incidence for cattle born after mid-1996 was highest in Greece, Italy and Belgium, with Spain and The Netherlands having intermediate levels, and estimates for Great Britain, Germany and France being comparably low...

..Changes in socio-demographic characteristics and reported sexual behaviour are investigated...

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..Such results may have implications for the current human- and bovine-oriented control policy for this medically and veterinarily important disease, particularly within the hilly regions of mainland China...

..One suggested solution has been a proximate determinants framework, in which risk factors are grouped into "underlying", "proximate" and "biological" determinants...

..In sub-Saharan Africa, 112 million people are infected with Schistosoma haematobium, with the most intense infections in children 5-15 years old...

..04; 95% CI, 1.0-1.07). Measurement of viral load after approximately 7 days provided the most accurate measure of the degree of viral suppression induced by a given drug regimen...

..Such findings may partly explain why some earlier localized approaches to bTB control were ineffective...

..However, recent vCJD case data have indicated a decrease in the annual incidence of deaths over the past two years...

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..Traditional cardiac risk factors play an important role in determining AtD risk status...

..A quantitative understanding of the factors that predict the distribution and timing of outbreaks will enable their prevention and facilitate the completion of global eradication...

..mansoni infection. We conclude that ultrasonography should be included in large-scale control interventions, where logistics allow, but cautiously...

..04 additional vCJD deaths over the next 60 years. However, there is substantial (more than 40-fold) uncertainty surrounding this estimate, the sources of which are discussed...

..The most parsimonious explanation is that this is due to shared characteristics of the transmitted virus, a finding which sheds light on both the role of viral factors in HIV-1 pathogenesis and on the evolution of the virus...

..We discuss our findings in the context of other work fitting to seasonal influenza data...

..We also consider the epidemiological determinants of the future course of the vCJD epidemic, including the age and genetic characteristics of the confirmed cases, and present predictions of future case numbers...

..japonicum compared with other schistosomes, were proposed to explain the observed results and practical implications for control strategies are recommended...

..Furthermore, microscopy and hematuria dipsticks were indicated through these models as the most appropriate techniques for detection of S. haematobium infection...

..Transmissibility is therefore substantially higher than that of seasonal flu, and comparable with lower estimates of R0 obtained from previous influenza pandemics...

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..The results reveal that thousands of French cattle were infected with BSE over the course of the epidemic. However, case incidence is predicted to decline in future years...

..This indicates that the observed aggregation of parasite load may be dynamically generated by random variation in the development of an effective immune response against parasite larvae...

..To compare the effectiveness of first protease inhibitor (PI)-containing and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-containing regimens...

..However, the predominance of lesions in the respiratory tract indicates that most transmission occurs by the respiratory route...

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..Spreading artificial fertilizers or farmyard manure on grazing land were both associated with decreased risk. These first case-control results from the RBCT will be followed by similar analyses as more data become available...

..gondii drugs in preventing such behavioural alterations. Our results have important implications regarding the aetiology and treatment of such disorders...

..To determine the extent of self reported symptoms perceived to be related to sexually transmitted infections and the patterns of subsequent treatment seeking behaviour in a predominantly rural population of Zimbabwe...

..We present an age-structured mathematical model of trachoma transmission and disease to predict the impact of interventions on the prevalence of blinding trachoma...

..96 - 27,177.76). Further high-density sampling of global Cng STs is now necessary to resolve the temporal sequence underlying the global emergence of this human pathogen...

..Culling is predicted to be more effective than vaccination...

..The different kinds of data involved are critically compared. Some studies of the incubation period are briefly reviewed and some comments made on the role of adherence to therapy...

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..A reliable tool that is independent of HIV status is needed for measuring the frequency of AIDS deaths and ultimately the impact of antiretroviral therapy on mortality...

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..To characterize patterns of antiretroviral use in HIV-infected patients and explore variation by patient characteristics and disease stage...

..To characterize the relationships among highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-1 RNA levels, immune system markers, and clinical outcome in a cohort of HIV-1-infected homosexual men...

..We show that for an increasing underlying incidence trend, the current Defra approach can produce artefactual fluctuations whereas the alternative method described provides more accurate descriptions of the underlying risks over time...

..Understanding the relative contribution of these vaccines and the improved coverage to the decline in incident cases is essential for future planning...

..The authors conducted an assessment of the role of beer halls in the HIV epidemic of rural Zimbabwe as part of the ongoing identification of risky places for the targeting of prevention activities...

..834 g/dL after treatment was found. Our results suggest that anemia is associated with schistosomiasis and hookworm in Ugandan children and that such anemia shows a significant improvement after chemotherapy...

..We show that the data analysed are consistent with the within-flock reproduction number of scrapie lying in the range 1.5-6, consistent with previous epidemiological studies...

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..The observed patterns are interpreted in terms of rescue effects for strong spatial heterogeneity and in terms of between-patch coherence and synchronization effects at intermediate and weak levels of heterogeneity...

..It was changes in such parameters (vector biting and mortality rate) which caused seasonal prevalence, but the timing of peak prevalence was a result of time delays within the system...

..They demonstrate the importance of patient characteristics regarding outcome by analyzing subgroups defined by age at admission to the hospital...

..Our findings highlight the need for policymakers to consider multiple transmission routes when managing multihost pathogens...

..We discuss the applicability of our method for the detection of emerging human-to-human transmission of avian influenza viruses in particular, and for the analysis of within-household infection data in general...

..These issues are investigated here for non-parametric estimators of F(1) and F(2). The ideas are illustrated on case fatality data for individuals infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in Hong Kong in 2003...

..CONCLUSIONS: This analysis of the complete data on the 2003 SARS epidemic in Hong Kong has revealed key epidemiologic features of the epidemic as it evolved...

..1. The implications for controlling the disease are discussed...

..Our results show that differences among producers in the environment that they provide for chickens have more impact on welfare than has stocking density itself...