V Beral

..To describe the long term effects of the use of oral contraceptives on mortality...

..To compare the mortality rates of vegetarians and non-vegetarians...

..The pattern of HIV-associated cancers in Uganda is broadly similar to that described elsewhere, but the relative frequency of specific cancers, such as conjunctival carcinoma, in HIV-infected people differs...

..4, 95% CI 1.7-24.3, P=0.01]. For both cancers, the risk increased with increasing anti-HPV-16 antibody titre (Ptrend=0.01 for each). No cancer site or type was significantly associated with antibodies against HPV-18 and -45...

..In this study, there was no evidence of an association between either active smoking or passive smoking in the home and risk of breast cancer...

..The risk of squamous cell carcinoma increases in current smokers with the number of cigarettes smoked per day and with younger age at starting smoking...

..We assessed the association between intakes of total fluids and of specific beverages on the risk of renal cell carcinoma in a large prospective cohort of UK women...

..The effect of menopause did not vary significantly by tumour histology. Meta-analysis of published results on the effects of age at menarche and age at first birth on ductal and lobular cancers were in keeping with our findings...

..To examine the effect of reproductive history and use of hormonal therapies on the risk of hip and knee joint replacement for osteoarthritis...

..Clinically, widespread Kaposi's sarcoma was more frequent among patients with HIV infection than in those without, but was not related to anti-KSHV antibody titres...

..Further studies are needed to confirm the suggestion from this and other studies of differences in risk related to smoking between squamous cell and adenocarcinomas of the cervix...

..In conclusion, for women in the United Kingdom, the incidence of glioma or meningioma tumours increases with increasing height and increasing BMI...

..Sleep disturbance, a correlate of which is daytime napping, has been hypothesised to be associated with risk of breast and other cancers...

..There were no significant differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or all other causes combined...

..The prospective Million Women Study provides sufficient power for reliable estimates of subtype-specific associations in women...

..Hormonal factors may influence risk for upper gastrointestinal cancers in women. We examined risk of oesophageal and gastric cancers in relation to reproductive factors in a large UK cohort, the Million Women Study...

..The relationship between cigarette smoking and incidence of acoustic neuromas and pituitary tumours is uncertain...

..For siblings, all-cause death rates were similar to national rates; the only condition with a significantly raised mortality ratio was colo-rectal cancer (SMR = 793: 95% CI 216-2031), but this may well be a chance finding...

..These findings suggest that squamous cell carcinomas of the bladder, especially in paraplegics, may be the result of chronic urinary tract infection...

..g. Austria, FRG, Greece and the UK, and this may be due to an increase in survival resulting from improved management and treatment of women with breast cancer...

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..The relative risk for spending an average of more than 1 h per week in sports compared with less from ages 12 to 30 years was 1.00 (95% CI 0.86-1.16, P = 0.98)...

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..Extracting complete and accurate records of surgical procedures from case-notes is time consuming and laborious. We compared the completeness and time taken to extract data on surgical procedures from case-notes and from pathology reports...

..To examine the effect of height, weight and body mass index (BMI) on the risk of hip and knee replacement in middle-aged women...

..Oral contraceptives can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, but the eventual public-health effects of this reduction will depend on how long the protection lasts after use ceases. We aimed to assess these effects...

..We present estimates for Leicester, which has the largest population of Indian origin in Britain, and also has virtually complete, self-assigned, ethnicity data...

..56%. Screening women aged 20-25 years would have minimal impact, with the cumulative lifetime incidence decreasing from 0.63 to 0.61%. In conclusion, the study supports the 2003 recommendations for changes to cervical screening intervals...

..Dukes stage is recorded for 81% of colon cancers and for 69% of rectal cancers. Incomplete registry data and changing recording practices may affect future evaluation of bowel cancer screening...

..Greater adiposity in early life has been linked to increased endometrial cancer risk in later life, but the extent to which this association is mediated through adiposity in later life is unclear...

..Further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to investigate possible relations between oral contraceptive use and the persistence and detectability of cervical HPV infection...

..The very low incidence rates of KS in natives of England and Wales suggests that the background prevalence of the causative agent for KS was low in England and Wales prior to the AIDS epidemic...

..53-0.92), and was highest for thyroid disease and asthma. CONCLUSION: Important aspects of use of HRT, such as type of preparation currently being used, are reported very reliably by women completing a self-administered questionnaire...

..In three cohort and six case-control studies, the relative risk for pancreatic cancer in people with (vs without) diabetes was 2.00 (95% confidence interval 1.37-3.01) based on 39 cases with diabetes...

..Further investigations of the relationship between radionuclide exposure and cancer in nuclear industry workers are needed...

..Little is known about the factors influencing the risk of recall for assessment, invasive diagnostic procedures, and early rescreening after screening mammography...

..9, 95% CI 0.4-2.1; P=0.8). The 10-fold increased risk of conjunctival cancer in HIV infected individuals is similar to results from other studies. The role of other oncogenic viral infections is unclear...

..We show for the first time that genetic divergence consistent with a single transmission event in vivo can represent several years of pre-transmission evolution...

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..This will require the continued monitoring of children resulting from assisted conception, and the continued co-operation of many individuals and centres practising assisted conception...

..59-1.35) for all malignancies. With exposure modelled as a continuous variable, odds ratios for an increase in the principal metric of 10 V m(-1) were close to unity for all disease categories, never differing significantly from one...

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