Elizabeth Miller

..We assess the effect of the PCV7 vaccination on VT and NVT disease in England and Wales...

..VE for serotypes 1 and 3 was 62% and 66% respectively although confidence intervals spanned zero. IPD due to PCV13-only serotypes halved in children under 2 years in the study period...

..To evaluate the risk of narcolepsy in children and adolescents in England targeted for vaccination with ASO3 adjuvanted pandemic A/H1N1 2009 vaccine (Pandemrix) from October 2009...

..However the long term effects of PCV are still unclear, as beneficial direct and herd immunity effects might be countered by serotype replacement...

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..To assess the impact of measles/mumps/rubella (MMR) vaccine on the epidemiology of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) in England and Wales...

..MMR vaccine has been reported to cause gait disturbance, and this possible association has been claimed to support the MMR-causes-autism theory...

..48, 95% confidence interval: 0.88, 2.50) as occurred with Urabe-containing vaccines. This study demonstrates the power of active postmarketing surveillance to identify or exclude events too rare to be detected in prelicensure trials...

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..This study demonstrates that NeisVac-C and Menjugate generate good immunogenicity after the first dose at 2 months of age when coadministered with PCV7 and Pediacel and merit further investigation in single-dose priming strategies...

..This study was conducted to establish the immunogenicity of licensed PCV (Prevenar) at a reduced, 2 priming dose schedule (2+1) and to evaluate functional responses in the context of vaccine effectiveness...

..The United Kingdom infant immunization schedule now recommends that these three vaccines may be offered at one visit at between 12 and 13 months of age...

..This single blind study was conducted to address safety concerns regarding coadministration of diphtheria/ tetanus (DT,Td) boosters and meningococcal C conjugate (MCC) vaccines containing diphtheria or tetanus conjugate proteins...

..We estimated the effectiveness of PCV-7 against IPD...

..Persistence of antibodies may be a more appropriate correlate of long-term protection for MCC vaccines than the ability to generate a booster response on exposure...

..Modeling suggested that protection against carriage persists for at least 3 years and predicted the stabilization of serogroup C disease at low levels (fewer than 50 cases per year) up to 2015-2016...

..Population-based seroepidemiology confirms that the third wave of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulation was associated with a shift in age groups affected, with the highest rate of infection in young adults...

..Recent data have demonstrated that 2 of the 3 MCC vaccines showed potential for use as a single priming dose in infancy...

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..However, recent surveillance data show a more rapid replacement of PCV7 IPD cases by non-PCV7 IPD cases than was seen in the US...

..The method provides a more accurate and continuous measure of incidence than achieved by comparing prevalence in samples grouped by time period...

..The inclusion of a booster dose is likely to improve the impact of the MCC program and reducing the number of doses in infancy will improve cost-effectiveness and create space in the schedule for the addition of other vaccines...

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..Three years of post 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) data was included to investigate the herd protection effects...

..The study shows that MCC-TT is safe and immunogenic in naive and previously MACP-vaccinated adults, though the magnitude and persistence of postvaccination SBA responses in the latter group were lower...

..Based on the VE estimates PPV23 was still considered a cost-effective intervention for the low risk elderly...

..e., <3 months of age), teenagers, and adults. Future vaccine program changes may be beneficial, but additional detail is required to inform such decisions...

..15 microg/ml in about 90% of individuals. A booster dose of Hib vaccine given after the first year of life should provide long-lasting protection...

..We investigated the effect of serotype on clinical presentation, outcome, and quality of life lost from invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in the context of the 7, 10, and 13 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV7, PCV10, PCV13)...

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..Real-time PCR is an invaluable tool both for enhanced epidemiological surveillance and for the provision of a rapid diagnosis of pertussis where results can affect patient and contact management...

..15 (0.80-1.67). There was evidence of an increased risk of convulsions and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura following MMR vaccination as previously documented...

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..Reduction in the interval between doses for earlier protection would be at the cost of reduced immunogenicity. The effect of seasonal vaccine on immunogenicity merits further investigation...

..There were no published data available regarding the immunogenicity of this vaccine in such children...

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..The MCC immunization programme has been extremely successful in controlling serogroup C disease and continues to be evaluated. The aim of this paper is to review the experiences in England and Wales over the past 9 years...

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..This evidence justified the use of a single dose in a catch-up immunization program for children 1-18 years old...

..Sero-surveillance of mumps is an important component of disease control and its usefulness will be enhanced by the development of an international mumps standard...

..The study therefore shows the potential for vaccine safety collaborations across Europe to detect true associations through use of common protocols and sharing of results or data...

..Vaccine effectiveness did not differ significantly by age-group or hospitalisation status. There was no evidence prior vaccination with TIV significantly altered subsequent risk of pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 infection...

..This study provides baseline antibody levels which will facilitate the evaluation of the meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination programme...

..This approach allowed the successful collection of comprehensive individual risk data, but response rates in adults must be improved if oral fluid surveys are to routinely complement serological surveillance...

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..4% (58/1,332) but higher for meningitis (11.0%) and children with comorbidities (9.1%). Thus, comorbidities were more prevalent in children with IPD caused by non-PCV13 serotypes and were associated with increased case fatality...

..The seasonal influenza vaccination programme in England targets individuals over 65 years old and in clinical risk groups...

..To standardize serological surveillance to compare rubella susceptibility in Australia and 16 European countries, and measure progress towards international disease-control targets...

..05 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37 to 2.24]). We found no evidence of an increased risk of GBS in the 6 weeks following pandemic influenza vaccination...

..This study aimed to ascertain trends in HSV-2 infection in England between 1991 and 2000...

..To investigate whether meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (MCCV) caused relapse in children with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome...

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..There is no serological evidence that SV40 entered the human population during the past 80 years, and the possibility of cross-reaction with BKV or JCV antibody must be considered...

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..The two dose vaccination programme should maintain the herd immunity of the population and the elimination of endemic measles transmission...

..Antibody avidity may help distinguish, in persons with low antibody titers, between those who are primed for memory and those who are not...

..A second dose of vaccine, which is now being offered to preschool children, will reduce morbidity and should eventually eliminate mumps if coverage is high enough...

..1% and to 12.1% in unvaccinated individuals. The availability of comprehensive risk factor data allowed the description of two risk profiles related to natural infection and vaccination...

..In the other age groups additional reminders could prove a cost-effective way of increasing the response rate further...

..78-1.08). There was also no evidence of an increased risk in any age group or following pneumococcal vaccine. A significant increase was seen on the day of vaccination (day 0) probably due to opportunistic recording of cases...

..CONCLUSIONS: With the possible exception of tics, there was no evidence that thimerosal exposure via DTP/DT vaccines causes neurodevelopmental disorders...

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..These results neither provide evidence of an increased risk of convulsions following TIV over a 10-year surveillance period nor following a single dose of the ASO3 adjuvanted monovalent H1N1 vaccine in 2009/10...

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..Although there were no other significant differences between vaccines the relative incidence was significantly above one on the day of vaccination for convulsions following DTwP/Hib and for apnoea/collapse following DTaP(5)/Hib/IPV...

..The number of individuals in these cohorts remains low, but alternative routine immunisation schedules should be considered to ensure high levels of protection are sustained...

..Key sources of uncertainty are the cost of vaccine delivery and the quality of life detriment due to a clinically apparent episode of confirmed influenza. The cost of vaccine purchase itself is relatively low...

..The use of a squalene-containing (AS03) pandemic vaccine for high-risk groups in England allowed vaccine effectiveness (VE) of such novel oil-in-water adjuvanted vaccine to be evaluated...

..Rapid diagnosis of B. pertussis infection particularly in infants by PCR, together with serological assays, can enhance surveillance systems for pertussis in all age groups...

..This serotype-specific unresponsiveness may reflect immune paralysis due to large pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen loads and/or a potential genetic basis for nonresponse to individual pneumococcal serotypes...

..The assumption that immune memory was predictive of long-term protection is incorrect, at least after vaccination in infancy. Persistence of antibody and herd immunity may be more relevant for long-term disease control...

..These results emphasize the need for standardized methodologies that would allow a more robust comparison of assays between laboratories and promote their further evaluation as correlates of protection against MenB disease...

..SBA activity as a correlate of protection for evaluating the immune response to meningococcal vaccines is described in this review...

..7-2,4). In this trial, we assessed the immunogenicity of these formulations in infants, who are at greatest risk of contracting MenB disease...

..Further studies on IgG subclasses following meningococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccination are needed...

..Further population-based surveys collecting more in-depth social and demographic data are needed to confirm the main factors influencing hepatitis A seroprevalence and to explain the regional differences...

..This was shown to be a more accurate approach to categorizing data from an epidemiological perspective...

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..Regular serological surveys to ascertain HBV status within a population, such as reported here, provide important data to assess the need for and to evaluate universal HBV vaccination programmes...

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..There is an important incidence of infection in the population, which is greater amongst children than adults, but there is only limited evidence of a correlation with epidemic cycles...

..There are substantial differences in VZV sero-epidemiology within the European region, which will need to be taken into account in designing national policies regarding VZV vaccination...

..7% (95% confidence intervals 9.0-12.3) for human papillomavirus (HPV) 6, 2.7% (1.8-3.6) for HPV 11, 11.9% (10.2-13.6) for HPV 16, 4.7% (3.5-5.8) for HPV 18, and 20.7% (18.6-22.7) for any of the four types...

..These data suggest H. pylori infection is becoming less common, is acquired at an early age and is unlikely to be resolved unless suitable antimicrobial treatment is sought...

..To diagnose pertussis using culture, polymerase chain reaction, and serology, in children admitted to intensive care units (PICUs) and some paediatric wards in London, and in their household contacts to determine the source of infection...

..Investigations into the efficacy of two doses of a mumps containing vaccine should be a priority during the current epidemic...

..To evaluate the potential impact of various pneumococcal conjugate vaccination strategies, it is critical to ascertain the pre-vaccination epidemiology and to have a detailed evaluation of the current burden of pneumococcal disease...

..Standardization is a very important tool that allows for international serological comparisons to assess the current vaccination policies and the progress of HBV control in Europe...

..We conducted a comprehensive review of the impact of measles immunization on the epidemiology of SSPE and examined epidemiological evidence on whether there was any vaccine-associated risk...

..MCC-TT vaccine is highly immunogenic and primes for immunologic memory against OAc+ and OAc- MenC strains in infancy...

..These results suggest that a reduced number of doses of MCC-TT would be adequate in infancy if given concomitantly with an acellular pertussis-containing vaccine...

..Young infants are most often infected at the same time as or before their parents and siblings, indicating that the source may be outside the household; vaccinating family members may not prevent RSV infection in infants...

..Current immunogenicity licensing criteria for pandemic influenza vaccine may not correlate with clinical protection in individuals with chronic disease or immunocompromised...

..A coordinated vaccine policy in Europe is needed and the aim of the European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN2) is to standardise serological surveillance in 22 countries for eight diseases, including rubella...

..Children with ITP before MMR had no vaccine associated recurrences...