Mark Jit

..Life expectancy has increased by 20 years since the middle of the last century, but children under five have fared better than adult males...

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..Vaccination may still be "very cost-effective" if less favourable assumptions are used regarding vaccine price and disease incidence, as long as DALYs are not age-weighted...

..Key sources of uncertainty are the cost of vaccine delivery and the quality of life detriment due to a clinically apparent episode of confirmed influenza. The cost of vaccine purchase itself is relatively low...

..To determine the risk of various kinds of sequelae in survivors of meningitis due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, as well as the influence of co-factors such as study design, study population and treatment on this risk...

..The scenarios and parameter sets that produce the best fit to available epidemiological data provide a basis for modeling the natural history of HPV infection and disease...

..The two methods gave estimates of 3.8 and 3.2 rotavirus deaths a year respectively...

..To assess the cost effectiveness of routine vaccination of 12 year old schoolgirls against human papillomavirus infection in the United Kingdom...

..7% (95% confidence intervals 9.0-12.3) for human papillomavirus (HPV) 6, 2.7% (1.8-3.6) for HPV 11, 11.9% (10.2-13.6) for HPV 16, 4.7% (3.5-5.8) for HPV 18, and 20.7% (18.6-22.7) for any of the four types...

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..However, recent surveillance data show a more rapid replacement of PCV7 IPD cases by non-PCV7 IPD cases than was seen in the US...

..The seasonal influenza vaccination programme in England targets individuals over 65 years old and in clinical risk groups...

..To assess the cost effectiveness of the Find and Treat service for diagnosing and managing hard to reach individuals with active tuberculosis...

..The marginal benefit of vaccinating boys depends on the degree of protection achieved by vaccinating girls...

..In countries where the epidemic is not so far advanced vaccination of children may be cost-effective. Similar, detailed, real-time modelling and economic studies could help to clarify the situation...

..Misattribution of the causal HPV type for a particular abnormality may give rise to an apparent increase in disease due to non-vaccine HPV types following vaccination ("unmasking")...

..We observe similar patterns in each of the countries analysed, suggesting that there are consistent biological mechanisms at work...

..We investigate the contribution of HPV types 6/11 to abnormal smears and associated costs in England...

..This report describes the consensus of an expert group convened by the World Health Organization, prioritizing key issues to be addressed when considering economic analyses to support HPV vaccine introduction in these countries...

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..Such a measure would allow comparison with other diseases and assessment of the cost-effectiveness of pandemic control measures...

..To provide information about the feasibility of using such models in a developing country setting, we evaluated models of HPV vaccination in terms of their capacity, requirements, limitations and comparability...

..The model has been implemented as a computer package that can be used to inform decisions made by health care planners...

..Two rotavirus vaccines (RotaTeq and Rotarix) have recently completed clinical trials. We investigated whether routine infant immunisation with either vaccine can be cost effective...

..This study provides a sound basis on which to make this assessment and serves as a baseline against which any reductions that do occur if vaccination is introduced can be measured against...

..As an illustration of the analysis, we present results obtained using data concerning urological services, for which there would seem to be benefits associated with the introduction of a TC in only a limited range of circumstances...