Thalia C Eley

..Third, the authors explored the influence of family environment variables. Fourth, the authors sought interactions between parental familial vulnerability and family environment...

..We examined genetic and environmental influences on childhood AS, HBP, panic/somatic ratings, and their associations...

..To establish the direction and etiology of longitudinal associations between sleep problems and depression symptoms in children...

..Together, these routes accounted for approximately 13% of total phenotypic variance in depressive symptoms. Theoretical and analytical implications of these results are discussed in the context of several design-related caveats...

..do not?; 2) to what extent do genetic and environmental factors influence maternal control and child anxiety?; 3) to what extent do genetic and environmental factors influence the associations between child anxiety and maternal control?..

..The data also support a role for genetic influence on threat interpretations, which may mediate responses to stress...

..Environmental influences on anxiety sensitivity were, on the whole, more time specific; however, some stable environmental influences were also found...

..These latter findings may result from interpersonal cognitions in young children, reflecting life experiences as opposed to trait-like cognitive biases...

..Information about the psychiatric histories of adults with anxiety disorders was examined to further inform nosology and etiological/ preventive efforts...

..Little, however, is known about the relationship between these variables and whether these too are genetically correlated...

..Family history studies of co-morbidity have found familial aggregation with tics, especially for early-onset OCD, and familial aggregation with anxiety disorders...

..While these effects are often studied independently, evidence supports their co-occurrence on depression...

..Environmental effects tended to be more time specific. This study adds to our understanding of the direction of effects between anxiety sensitivity, anxiety and depression in adolescence, and the risks underlying their associations...

..We examined the genetic and environmental influences on the comorbidity between three common childhood anxiety disorders: Specific Phobia, Separation Anxiety and Social Phobia...

..Implications for attributional style as a marker reflecting genetic risks are discussed...

..This study aimed to examine both the phenotypic and genetic differentiation of ARB subtypes within the general population at age 7 and 9. It constituted a follow-up to an earlier study of ARBs in preschool children...

..To investigate the association between normative repetitive routines of childhood and paediatric obsessive compulsive symptom syndrome (OCSS) and the extent to which it is genetically mediated...

..The present study reports prevalence estimates in a community sample of 6-year-old twins, and patterns of genetic and environmental influences on these early-onset anxiety disorders...

..In contrast, though more varied, heterotypic continuity between some traits (i.e. the change from one type of anxiety-related behaviour into another over time) was mainly due to shared-environmental factors...

..In light of this, we looked at the association between stressful life events, the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5HTTLPR), and anxiety sensitivity in a longitudinal sample of adolescents...

..In this article, we describe the sample, data collection, and measures used. We also summarize some of the key findings to date...

..These relationships have mainly been considered in terms of social risk mechanisms, and little is known about the role of genetic influences...

..Associations between sleep and internalizing problems are complex and poorly understood. To better understand these covarying difficulties, genetic and environmental influences were estimated by using a twin design...

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..Negative life events were the only factor that had a direct nonshared environmental association with concurrent depressive symptoms in adolescents independent of previous depressive symptoms, and all other study variables...

..The implications of these results for vulnerability mechanisms involving stress reactivity on anxiety are discussed...

..The pattern of associations was largely similar in boys and girls. We discuss these results in terms of developmental models of the links between antisocial behavior and depressed mood...

..Adult twin studies typically estimate the heritability of alcohol use motives to be between 7 and 42%, although relatively little is known about genetic and environmental influences upon alcohol use motives in adolescence...

..A proportion of children catastrophized about the consequences of sleeplessness and this was associated with sleep disturbance, an association which was mediated through anxiety and depression symptoms...

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..60 (1.05-2.45), p = .030) but not depressive disorders (OR (95% CI) = .99 (.63-1.56), p = .959). Persistent sleep problems in childhood may be an early risk indicator of anxiety in adulthood...

..These results extend the literature on HBP and panic and suggest that in children, as in adults, increased panic/somatic symptoms are associated with enhanced ability to perceive internal physiological cues, and fear of such sensations...

..We found weak evidence for association with COMT genotype, when the females and males were considered separately, and for MAOA genotype in males only. There was no significant interaction between COMT and MAOA...

..However, little is known about the genetics of these categories and especially about the phenotypic and genetic structure of related behaviours in pre-school children...

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..These data are in agreement with the hypothesis that aggressive ASB is a stable heritable trait as compared to nonaggressive behavior, which is more strongly influenced by the environment and shows less genetic stability over time...

..This introductory guide presents the main two analytical approaches used by molecular geneticists: linkage and association...

..As much of the terminology is specific to the field, this introductory guide aims to aid readers who may be unfamiliar with the approaches of this discipline...

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..These have important implications in guiding future psychiatric research, mental health practice, and policy-making bodies...

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..To examine the etiologies of covariation of childhood sleep problems and other behavioral/emotional problems in young children...

..The hypothesis that the aggressive pathway is genetically mediated was supported in girls, whereas the hypothesis that the nonaggressive pathway is environmentally dependent was supported in boys...

..Using a genetically informative design, we examine heterogeneity in antisocial behaviour and overlaps between different forms of antisocial behaviour with depressed mood...

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..We interpret these preliminary findings tentatively in the context of gene-environment interaction on anxiety in general, and on early separation and later panic anxiety in particular...

..Depression rises markedly in adolescence, a time when increased and new genetic influences have been reported...