Anthony Barnett

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..To evaluate efficacy and safety of saxagliptin as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) with inadequate glycemic control on insulin alone or combined with metformin...

..Evidence also suggests a future role for GLP-1 mimetics in combination with basal insulin...

..We therefore aimed to investigate the association between common variants of the PCK1 gene and T2D in a UK-resident South Asian population of Punjabi ancestry, originating predominantly from the Mirpur area of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan...

..The aim of this study was to determine whether variants of this gene are also risk factors for type 2 diabetes development in a UK-resident South Asian cohort of Punjabi ancestry...

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..Finally, we describe a UK community-based programme that attempts to reduce the morbidity and mortality from type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in south Asians through a new approach to management...

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..This article reviews the effect on body weight of current treatments for type 2 diabetes and discusses the potential impact of weight gain in this patient group...

..This review appraises the evidence for the view that insulin glargine represents an advance in basal insulin therapy for both type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients...

..This study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety profiles of exenatide and insulin glargine therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes who had not achieved glucose control with metformin or sulfonylurea monotherapy...

..Exenatide may enable patients with Type 2 diabetes to improve glycaemic control and reduce or eliminate the risk of hypoglycaemia and weight gain...

..Inhaled human insulin (Exubera; EXU) has shown encouraging tolerability in short-term trials. We evaluated the safety profile of EXU after long-term exposure...

..5 mmol/L [<100 mg/dL] to achieve glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] <7%)...

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..Inhibition of the RAAS should play a major part in management of patients with type 2 diabetes with nephropathy, for which both telmisartan and enalapril provide long-term renoprotection...

..To compare the efficacy and safety profile of adding inhaled human insulin (INH) (Exubera) or glibenclamide to metformin monotherapy in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes...

..During the 5-yr study period, no patient developed a serum creatinine >200 micromol/L, and none required dialysis. There were only six deaths in each treatment group during the study, with half being due to cardiovascular events...

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..To compare the efficacy and safety profile of adding inhaled human insulin (INH; Exubera) or metformin to sulfonylurea monotherapy in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes...

..This review focuses on the potential impact of obesity on RAIs and presents an overview of investigations in this area...

..This review recommends a framework for the assessment, monitoring and management of patients with schizophrenia in the UK clinical setting...

..Compared with SOC, aripiprazole treatment may provide reductions in the health and economic burden to schizophrenia patients and health care services in the UK as a result of its favourable metabolic profile...

..The combination of vildagliptin and metformin poses numerous advantages in the treatment of T2DM...

..The place of thiazolidinediones in the management of type 2 diabetes is well established. The potential for additional benefits in reducing macrovascular risk encourages further long-term study of these agents...

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..This article discusses the issues related specifically to hypoglycaemia associated with oral agent therapy and how these agents may be best employed to provide an optimal balance between hypoglycaemia and good glycaemic control...

..We examined the effect of ethnicity on known risk factors and analysed the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in UK south Asian and white Europeans patients with type 2 diabetes over a 2 year period...

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..Most importantly, a greater emphasis on prevention through public health measures and 'buy in' from the whole population is urgently required...

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..The licensed drugs orlistat, sibutramine and rimonabant are discussed. Obesity increases the risk of type 2 diabetes. Thus, the effects of metformin and exenatide are examined...

..To evaluate the effectiveness of rosiglitazone in reducing hyperglycaemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) of Indo-Asian origin taking concurrent sulphonylurea therapy...

..We investigated the effectiveness of a culturally sensitive, enhanced care package in UK general practices for improvement of cardiovascular risk factors in patients of south Asian origin with type 2 diabetes...

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..This review summarises the studies available and discusses the potential implications to patients of needle-free insulin administration...

..Inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 may therefore represent a therapeutic strategy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity...

..This study aims to determine the relationship between body fat distribution and adipocytokine in South-Asian subjects by measuring serum adipocytokines, adiposity, insulinemia, and glucose tolerance levels...

..In this article we review the efficacy and safety profile of Exubera and discuss its potential place in the management of diabetes...

..Type 1 diabetes mellitus is associated with high levels of premature morbidity and mortality. Prolonged survival is possible, however, and some patients appear to be protected from the long-term complications of this condition...

..The planned date for the completion of the study is 2005...

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..Therefore, RSG's effects on PAI-1 production in adipose tissue may contribute to the fall in circulating PAI-1 levels observed in patients receiving RSG therapy...

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..Variations in culture or access to health care may account for these differences. An awareness of the specific needs of ethnic minorities is essential to ensure that this encouraging trend continues...

..Caucasians have higher serum adiponectin levels compared with Indo-Asians. Further studies are needed to explore basis for the association of adiponectin with HDL cholesterol and the reason for lower levels in Indo-Asians...

..These barriers to glycaemic control need to be overcome so that the established benefits of reducing glucose to normal or near-normal levels can be experienced by more people with type 2 diabetes...

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..In conclusion, the adipose tissue depot-specific expression of adiponectin may influence the pattern of serum adiponectin concentrations and subsequent disease risk...

..The aim of this study was to investigate whether the INS VNTR region is a Type 1 diabetes-specific locus or acting as a general autoimmunity gene...

..The groundbreaking DETAIL study revealed that telmisartan conferred comparable renoprotection to enalapril and was associated with a low incidence of mortality...

..The LMP7 (large multifunctional proteasome 7) gene is a potential candidate. The aim of this study was to assess whether LMP7 confers susceptibility to Type 1 diabetes independently of linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQ...

..Current evidence is reassuring about the effects of HRT in women with diabetes, although as in all women, HRT should be prescribed on an individual basis with appropriate consideration given to advantages and disadvantages of therapy...

..Up to 80% of women experience menopausal symptoms, however, so it is expected that by using HRT many would gain benefit from symptom relief, in addition to benefiting from its effects in disease prophylaxis...

..Modest weight loss is also associated with potentially favourably changes in serum adipocytokines, particularly in a rise of serum adiponectin. Reduction of waist circumference is associated with a change in serum resistin...

..Recently positive associations have been reported. We examined polymorphisms within NOS3 and NOS2A, the genes encoding endothelial- and inducible nitric oxide synthase, for association with nephropathy...

..Further support is provided for roles of the DQ genes and the DRB1 gene (or a gene in linkage disequilibrium with it) in determining susceptibility to type 1 diabetes...

..The IDDM2 locus maps to a variable number of tandem repeats in the insulin gene region on chromosome 11. Further research is necessary to determine the precise location and identity of other diabetes susceptibility genes...

..97 upward arrow ***; ***p < 0.001, n = 3). In conclusion, increasing insulin doses stimulates AGT production. In this study, protein analysis suggests that hyperinsulinaemia may be an important factor in obesity-related hypertension...

..The primary outcome is change in glomerular filtration rate over the 5 years of the study...

..To investigate the hormonal regulation of P450 aromatase activity (responsible for the conversion of C19 androgens to C18 oestrogens) in human adipose tissue from men and pre- and post-menopausal women...

..Our aim was to examine three polymorphisms within the TGF-beta 1 gene, in codons 10, 25 and 263, for association with nephropathy in Type 1 diabetes...

..This was a previously unpublished combination of polymorphic sites, and was submitted to GenBank and assigned the accession number AF072680, and named HLA-DMB*0106...

..To examine the relationship between stressful life events and alterations in glycemic control in adults with diabetes...

..The functional relevance of our findings and their implications for the pathogenesis of autoimmunity remain to be determined...

..To study the association of retinal disease and the syndrome of maternally inherited diabetes and deafness caused by an A to G mutation in the tRNA leucine gene at base pair 3243 (A3243G) of the mitochondrial genome...

..The severe obesity found in these congenitally leptin-deficient subjects provides the first genetic evidence that leptin is an important regulator of energy balance in humans...

..This review will focus on the mechanisms by which these genes might influence the risk of developing type 1 diabetes...

..The aim of this study was to examine cross-cultural differences in prevalence and correlates of symptoms of anxiety and depression in two studies, one in the United Kingdom and one in the United States...

..The potential benefits from improved adherence and better glycaemic control with this insulin are also significant...

..Free light chains (FLCs) are bi-products of normal immunoglobulin synthesis and are predominately removed from the circulation by the kidneys. This study assessed polyclonal FLCs as a novel biomarker of early diabetic kidney disease...

..Clinical evidence suggests efficacy and safety advantages for these analogues over NPH insulin (the most commonly used basal insulin), and may bring closer the goal of tight glycaemic control in patients with diabetes...

..Few studies have directly compared the renoprotective effects of angiotensin II-receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in persons with type 2 diabetes...

..But, careful selection of patients, education, and continued support from health professionals is vital to ensure success with this new technology...

..Exenatide may enable patients with type 2 diabetes to achieve glycemic control while reducing or eliminating the risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain. These would represent significant therapeutic gains...

..In conclusion, thresholds and targets for treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in South Asians may need to be lower than those for white Europeans, and targeted intervention will be required to achieve this...

..The various costs associated with diabetic nephropathy are so great that even expensive interventions may have a favourable cost/benefit ratio, provided they are truly effective...

..Our in vitro studies suggest a modest effect of resistin in reducing glucose uptake, and suppression of resistin expression may contribute to the insulin-sensitizing and glucose-lowering actions of the thiazolidinediones...

..Strict control of CVD risk factors, for which guidelines now exist, reduces morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine if these guidelines are being achieved...

..003), especially in those diagnosed at age 5 years or younger, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the rise of type 1 diabetes is due to a major environmental effect...

..We conclude these polymorphisms of IL-10 and IL-4R previously associated with other immune mediated diseases, do not confer susceptibility to GD in white Caucasians in the United Kingdom...

..This contrasts with findings for the DRbeta, DQalpha and DQbeta peptide chains, where the identity of the amino acid at particular sites has been found to correlate with predisposition to type I diabetes...

..These data, therefore, may explain in part why hyperinsulinemia coexists with increased circulating nonesterified free fatty acids and increased adiposity in obese and/or type 2 diabetic patients...

..In conclusion, this study confirms the expression of resistin in human adipose tissue and increased expression in abdominal fat, this suggests a potential role in linking central obesity to type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease...