P Scheltens

..EEG outcomes suggest that Souvenaid has an effect on brain functional connectivity, supporting the underlying hypothesis of changed synaptic activity...

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..To develop a visual rating scale for posterior atrophy (PA) assessment and to analyse whether this scale aids in the discrimination between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias...

..All results were normalized for network size and compared with random control networks...

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..However, it may also be that these negative findings reflect our still incomplete understanding of, at least part of, the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease...

..In this review, the various imaging techniques will be highlighted, with an emphasis on their ability to diagnose Alzheimer's disease and separate it from other entities...

..The Souvenir study is the first randomized, controlled, double-blind, multi-centre study designed to evaluate the efficacy of a multi-nutrient dietary approach on cognitive performance in drug-naïve early AD patients...

..To investigate the effect of a medical food on cognitive function in people with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD)...

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..Imaging research is also likely to focus on measuring progression and detecting therapeutic effect. As such, MRI is already become an indispensable tool in clinical trials in dementia...

..As an alternative, we propose to abandon thinking in standards and value neuropathology as any other biomarker, and to strive to use and integrate multiple sources of information to make the diagnosis of AD in all its complexity...

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..We compared baseline clinical, neuropsychological, and MRI measures to characterize these MCI subgroups...

..This study applies the criteria in a memory clinic population, using clinical criteria as the reference criterion...

..To assess which baseline clinical and MRI measures influence whole-brain atrophy rates, measured from serial MR imaging...

..We hypothesized that high tau, especially in combination with relatively low p-tau-181, is a marker of rapid decline, since it has been associated with fast neuronal degeneration...

..To investigate the relationship between CSF biomarkers and cognitive profiles in Alzheimer disease (AD)...

..To determine how amyloid β 42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) levels in CSF behave in a large cohort of patients with different types of dementia...

..To describe the distribution of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes in a cohort of memory clinic patients...

..CSF Abeta42 variability remained unexplained. Future research could study the role of ApoE genotype and Abeta42 in FTLD, as well as establish measures for disease intensity...

..To investigate the added value of hippocampal atrophy rates over whole brain volume measurements on MRI in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD), patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and controls...

..The modelling results suggest that highly connected neural network 'hubs' may be especially at risk in Alzheimer's disease...

..This finding of a relatively high proportion of MBs in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment provides further evidence for the involvement of vascular factors in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease...

..We conclude that the left posterior parahippocampal gyrus responds during encoding, while on the other hand the left anterior parahippocampal gyrus and the right anterior hippocampus were more strongly involved in retrieval...

..To determine the frequency of neurological signs in a memory clinic population and to explore their associations with white matter hyperintensity (WMH)...

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..We aimed to compare the rate of cognitive decline in patients with early and late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to investigate the potentially modifying influence of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype...

..However, the most suitable method for measuring WMH progression has not been established yet. We compared the reliability and sensitivity of cross-sectional and longitudinal visual scales with volumetry for measuring WMH progression...

..This method may be useful to quantify hippocampal volume change, given the reduction in operator time and improved precision...

..Clinical subtypes of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may represent different underlying aetiologies...

..We evaluated the natural course of CSF biomarkers in patients with AD, subjective complaints, and mild cognitive impairment (MCI)...

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..To determine the frequency and pattern of cognitive dysfunction in outpatients with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) and to identify the corresponding demographic and clinical correlates...

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..The ideal rating scale does not yet exist, but different rating scales may serve different purposes, for which some recommendations are made...

..9% of the patients with AD and in 33.3% of the patients with DLB. The GTE is a simple EEG scoring method that can be helpful in the differential diagnosis between DLB and AD with good sensitivity and specificity...

..Aging and AD were independently associated with smaller hippocampal volume. Both young and old AD patients have hippocampal atrophy abnormal for age. Age-dependent criteria for hippocampal atrophy, suggestive of AD, are needed...

..This supports the idea of a supervisory role for the frontal cortex in attention processes...

..The technique is more sensitive than the commonly applied model-based method. Consistent with other research, we show that networks of activation and deactivation show decreased reactivity in dementia...

..The goal of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the core diagnostic criteria for frontotemporal dementia (FTD) [Neary D, et al: Neurology 1998;51:1546-1554] within a memory clinic population...

..These findings imply the relevance of regarding dementia as a functional network disorder...

..To compare frontal cortex activation in patients with early frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with that in patients with early AD...

..The present study investigated whether symptoms of anxiety and depression predict decline of memory function in elderly people diagnosed with early stage AD...

..Hippocampal atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an early characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. However, hippocampal atrophy may also occur in other dementias, such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD)...

..The risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increased in type 2 diabetes (DM2). This increased risk has been attributed to vascular comorbidity, but other mechanisms, such as accelerated ageing of the brain, have also been implicated...

..In the present study, MEG was used to analyze spectral power and reference-free coherence in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (AD)...

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..Extensive history taking disclosed no cognitive changes prior to the car accident. The case is discussed in view of the inflammation hypothesis regarding Alzheimer's disease and the role of the apolipoprotein E4 genotype of the patient...

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..The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of the different elements of this response (N(1), N(2) complex and P(3) latencies) in a group of elderly patients with VCI caused by SIVD...

..2 to 7.8), suggesting that two subtypes of AD can be identified. The typical amnestic phenotype seems to be promoted by the APOE-epsilon4 allele, whereas the atypical nonmemory phenotype occurs in the absence of the APOE-epsilon4 allele...

..This study set out to investigate the magnitude and correlates of self-reported cognitive failure in adult out-patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes...

..To describe associations of abnormalities in the electroencephalogram (EEG) with the most prevalent diagnoses in a memory clinic cohort...

..Our aim was to identify linear changes in brain activation and, what is more interesting, nonlinear changes in brain activation as a function of extended word repetition...

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..Quantitative MRI techniques reveal differences in WMH between Alzheimer's disease and non-demented elderly, and are able to reflect the severity of the neuropathological changes involved...

..Materials and..

..Therefore, our purpose was to investigate the relative contribution of cerebrovascular disease and MTA to cognitive impairment in patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for VaD...

..Mutations in the tau gene have been found in the familial form of FTD, linked to chromosome 17q21-22, showing a spectrum of tauopathy...

..The finding of tau mutations in 32% of patients with a positive family history for dementia justifies mutation screening in FTD patients with a positive family history, while tau mutations in non-familiar cases are rare...

..We conclude that in FMRI studies of dementia, not only the dynamic BOLD signal (activation and deactivation) but also the average baseline signal is diminished in certain regions. The method we applied may also be used in task-rel..

..We have used these markers and evaluated their performance...

..Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is thought to be the prodromal phase to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We analyzed patterns of gray matter (GM) loss to examine what characterizes MCI and what determines the difference with AD...

..We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to find out whether structural differences on MR imaging could offer insight into the development of clinical AD in patients with amnestic MCI at 3-year follow-up...

..The exact role of these two structures in the symptomatology of Alzheimer's disease deserves further attention...

..We hypothesized that either hippocampal sulcus enlargement or an increase in number or size of hippocampal cavities could be associated with medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) occurring in Alzheimer disease...

..We hypothesized that elderly subjects with diffuse confluent WMH should have lower cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements than subjects with punctiform or beginning confluent WMH...

..Most anatomic regions outperformed cluster analysis in terms of absence of both scan rejection and bias. Total cerebellum is the optimal reference region in this patient category...

..Behaviorally, such neurofunctional effects may actively block decreased memory performance as a result of context-dependency. The validity of these predictions can be tested in large-scale clinical trials...

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..Since MS is characterized by cognitive slowing rather than impaired accuracy, we used the Amsterdam Neuropsychological Tasks (ANT) program, a computerized test proven to be very sensitive to cognitive slowing in MS patients...

..These findings show that the baseline activity of the brain is consistent across subjects exhibiting significant temporal dynamics, with percentage BOLD signal change comparable with the signal changes found in task-related experiments...

..We aimed to establish the effect of the anti-inflammatory drug hydroxychloroquine on the progression of dementia...

..To assess the associations of medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) with cognitive function in a large group of independently functioning elderly people...

..We investigated the diagnostic value of the visually assessed electroencephalogram (EEG) in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), using the grand total of EEG (GTE) score...

..Our results suggest that in early stages of AD overall regulation of NO production by ADMA is not aberrant...

..0) and patients with 'high' baseline ADAS-cog scores (≥25.0). Repeated Measures Models (RMM) were used to determine the relationship between ADAS-cog score and intervention...

..Both ADCS-ADL and BMI were assessed at baseline and Weeks 6, 12 and 24. Data were analyzed using a repeated-measures mixed model...

..It is argued that arousal may underlie the beneficial influence of TENS in various conditions. Finally, suggestions are offered for future research...

..51; CI=1.26; 9.74). In conclusion, treatment with antihypertensive treatment modifies the association of BP and HA, such that high levels of BP adversely affect the hippocampus in persons never treated with antihypertensives...

..In pathological conditions with reduced flow rates or large variations in blood volume, the basis function method is preferred because it produces less bias and is more precise...

..The question of heterogeneity may be solved when different therapeutic strategies are found for different subtypes. The focus of future plans should be on preventive strategies combined with an early diagnosis...

..Despite the large number of questionnaires, their quality has received little attention...

..The aim of our study was to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to establish whether long-term hyperglycaemia, resulting in advanced retinopathy, contributes to structural changes in the brain (reduced grey matter)...

..The aim of this study was to compare the measurements of these CSF biomarkers, between and within centres...

..These changes may reflect loss of anatomical connections and/or reduced central cholinergic activity and could underlie part of the cognitive impairment...

..These findings favour a differential involvement of amyloid beta peptides in FTLD compared with AD...

..Medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) is a sensitive radiologic marker for Alzheimer disease (AD) and associated with cognitive impairment. The value of MTA in the oldest old (>85 years old) is largely unknown...

..It has still not been established unequivocally whether vascular risk factors and inflammatory reactions, determined by heredity, are a cause or a result of Alzheimer's disease..

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..It remains unclear where in the brain it exerts its effect. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to measure changes in brain function and relate these to cognition...

..White matter abnormalities were observed in six patients, all of whom were treated with prior radiotherapy. These radiologic cerebral abnormalities correlated with cognitive performance...

..Finally, in nondemented elderly, medial temporal lobe atrophy was most predictive of progression to AD, demonstrating the involvement of this region in the development of AD...

..Only a subgroup of subjects with probable AD shows cognitive improvement after treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors...