Peggy T Cohen-Kettenis

..The data indicate that AN patients, in contrast to healthy individuals, show a discordance between self-reported emotional and neurophysiological arousal during psychosocial stress...

..We prospectively studied outcomes of sex reassignment, potential differences between subgroups of transsexuals, and predictors of treatment course and outcome...

..DSD-specific protocols and educational materials need to be developed to standardise and evaluate interventions in order to facilitate decision making of professionals and individuals with DSD and enhance psychosocial care in this area...

..Although more studies are necessary, this approach seems to contribute significantly to the well-being of gender dysphoric adolescents...

..This first report on long-term effects of puberty suppression suggests that negative side effects are limited and that it can be a useful additional tool in the diagnosis and treatment of gender dysphoric adolescents...

..g., onset age) are more appropriate...

..Recent reviews on gender dysphoria and gender change in patients with intersex conditions show that initial gender assignment still seems to be the best predictor of adult gender identity...

..The changes were usually made in adolescence and early adulthood. In these two syndromes, the degree of external genital masculinization at birth does not seem to be related to gender role changes in a systematic way...

..To assess the quality of life (QoL) and predictors thereof in Dutch adult hereditary and non-hereditary retinoblastoma (RB) survivors...

..Our data show that, of all available sources, amniotic fluid seems to be the best candidate to investigate the effects of early fetal androgen exposure...

..Behavior and socioemotional functioning of children born after IVF and spontaneously from parents with former fertility problems were studied, to control for parental factors and investigate the role of IVF on the children's functioning...

..Little is known about the impact of retinoblastoma (RB) on the health status of survivors in terms of disabilities and worries, both of which may restrict participation in activities of daily life...

..To evaluate the self-reported psychosocial well-being of 11- to 18-year-old adolescents who were conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and examine the role of IVF conception on behavior...

..Most remarkably, significantly more adults with GID scored in the clinical range on two or more clinical scales than adolescents with GID. Therefore, early medical intervention may be recommendable for adolescents with GID...

..Adult and adolescent AN patient groups do not differ substantially with respect to emotional functioning...

..We focused on its relation to gender, type of GID diagnosis and eligibility for medical interventions (puberty suppression and cross-sex hormones)...

..Since the current study was cross-sectional, the predictive effect of the investigated relationships should be the focus of further study...

..In this cross-national study, we are the first to report on the validity of this measure to discriminate children with gender identity disorder from controls outside of North America...

..Currently, withholding physical medical interventions in these cases seems more harmful to wellbeing in both adolescence and adulthood when compared to cases where physical medical interventions were provided...

..The purpose of this intervention is to relieve the suffering caused by the development of secondary sex characteristics and to provide time to make a balanced decision regarding actual gender reassignment...

..It is argued that it is unlikely that this difference is due to social factors, such as a gender-specific upbringing...

..The more vulnerable nonhomosexual transsexuals may particularly benefit from additional professional guidance before and/or during treatment...

..Although, both persisters and desisters reported a desire to be the other gender during childhood years, the underlying motives of their desire seemed to be different...

..This last finding was consistent with the prediction that a variance in prenatal hormone exposure contributes to a departure from a sex-typical gender identity in women...

..Professionals largely follow the Standards of Care of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. For adolescents, specific guidelines have also been issued by the British Royal College of Psychiatrists...

..The implications of these findings were discussed and it was concluded that sexuality is clearly an important topic to address in aggressive children in general and not only in the abused ones...

..We therefore conclude on the basis of a comparison with the performance of the total Dutch female population that there are no differences in educational achievement between female twins and singletons...

..Homosexual transsexuals, who prior to hormone treatment scored in the direction of the opposite sex, may have reached a ceiling in performance and therefore do not benefit from activating hormonal effects...

..To assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children (8-11 years) and adolescents (12-18 years) who survived retinoblastoma (RB), by means of the KIDSCREEN self-report questionnaire and the proxy-report version...

..The social position of gender-referred boys was less favorable than that of gender-referred girls. However, the gender-referred children were not more often bullied than other children, despite their gender nonconforming behavior...

..It is concluded that the source of prenatal T exposure in females probably comes from the fetal unit, which is the direct route of fetal hormone transfer...

..The incidence of ASD in this sample of children and adolescents was 7.8% (n = 16). Clinicians should be aware of co-occurring ASD and GID and the challenges it generates in clinical management...

..The results also provide some support for cross-clinic consistency in clinician-based diagnosis of GID...

..The mechanisms underlying these phenomena remain unknown...

..From the studies that have been published thus far, it seems that the benefits outweigh the risks. However, more systematic research in this area is needed to determine the safety of this approach...

..Clinicians should be aware of, but not overestimate the influences of neurobiological factors in gender development...

..In this study we assessed anxiety and stress in children with GID by measuring their cortisol, heart rate (HR) and skin conductance levels (SCL) and asking them to repeat their moods and experience of control...

..To investigate the prevalence and type of comorbidity in children with gender identity disorder (GID)...

..It may also be that the effect size of this relationship is so small that it should be investigated with more sensitive measures or in larger populations...

..To establish the psychosexual outcome of gender-dysphoric children at 16 years or older and to examine childhood characteristics related to psychosexual outcome...

..We tested the hypothesis that oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) children with or without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have problems in executive functioning...

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..The most salient demographic difference was age at referral. Cross-national differences in factors that might influence referral patterns are discussed...

..The Rorschach findings are consistent with questionnaire data from earlier studies, with the exception that the Rorschach data may point to some improvement in reality testing...

..The effect sizes of difference scores on other variables were more in favor of UCPP when compared to FT than to BT. The comparison of an experimental treatment to care as usual depends on the type of usual treatment...

..To describe the social, intimate and sexual relationships of Dutch adolescents with cerebral palsy compared with their able-bodied age mates...

..Secondly, as predicted OS girls had a more masculine pattern of cerebral lateralization, than SS girls. These findings support the notion of an influence of prenatal T on early brain organization in girls...

..No differences between the three groups were found on the non-emotional, cognitive tasks. CONCLUSION: Both the AN and PSYCH patients show deficits in their processing of emotional information and details are discussed...