Willem B Verwey

..Still, elderly did show sequence-specific learning with a 6-key sequence that can be explained by an associative learning mechanism...

..The results from the remaining - unchanged - familiar sequences confirmed that participants no longer used the chunking mode, but as predicted by associative learning these sequences were executed faster than unfamiliar sequences...

..Limited awareness of the nonlinear mouse-cursor relationship and the fact that a working-memory task had little effect on performance suggest that the internal model is modular and not dependent on high-level cognitive processes...

..This is more in line with effector-specific learning being a result of sequence learning in terms of a hand-based reference frame than learning to directly trigger particular effectors (i.e., the fingers)...

..As performance did not fully transfer to differently sized task environments, endoscopists should initially train with task environments of different, and especially small, sizes...

..Generally, the same results were found in more or less aware participants, congruent with the idea that the effector-dependent representation and the representation allowing transfer to mirror sequences are implicit...

..These results are in line with the notion that sequence learning involves several mechanisms and that aging affects the relative contribution of these mechanisms...

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..It is proposed either that incidental stimulus features are integrated with a global sequence representation, or that the changed context causes participants to strategically inhibit sequence skills...

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..Moreover, substantiating such an integrative approach is proposed by a synthesis with the dual-system model (Keele, Ivry, Mayr, Hazeltine, & Heuer, 2003)...

..It is proposed that sequence learning involves a stimulus-specific component in the visual but not in the tactile task...

..The data were in line with the notion that coding of longer keying sequences involves motor chunks for the individual sequence segments and information on how those motor chunks are to be concatenated...

..This produced similar results as in Experiment 1. These experiments support the notion that robustness of sequencing skill is based on several codes, one being a representation that is both effector and position dependent...

..This suggests that the mechanisms underlying sequencing skills are not automatically activated by mere execution of familiar sequences, and that some form of top-down, intentional control remains necessary...

..The authors suggest that the smaller amount of repetitions of the chunks in the 1 x 6 sequence or the increased difficulty of the 1 x 6 sequence led to the slowed execution of the 1 x 6 sequence in participants with dyslexia...

..It is proposed that a gradual development with practice from stimulus-driven to representation-driven sequence execution underlies this practice effect...

..In addition, the unpracticed hand configuration performed the practiced sequences faster than the new sequence, which demonstrated the effector-independent component...

..Long term training studies, as well as studies investigating the nature of visuo-spatial complexity in this domain are needed to better understand the role of visuo-spatial ability in colonoscopy, and other endoscopic techniques...

..Together, these results are in line with the notion that with moderate practice, the SMA executes short sequence fragments that are concatenated by other brain structures...

..An extended CQ simulation model--the N-STREAMS neural network model--exemplifies ongoing attempts to accommodate a broad range of both behavioral and neurobiological data within a CQ-consistent theory...

..These data support the contention that contextual information plays a fundamental role in a broad array of movement-planning operations that involve search and retrieval type activity...