P J Lucassen

..However, the underlying mechanisms that account for a reduced hippocampal volume are unknown...

..Normalization of reductions in neurogenesis appears at least partly, implicated in antidepressant action...

..Whether the reduction is a cause or consequence of depression awaits to be determined...

..This suggests that changes in cell proliferation and apoptotic cell death in the DG are not necessarily key factors determining the efficacy of synaptic potentiation...

..Hence, stress-induced placental 11beta-HSD2 expression may be critical in protecting the fetal brain from maternal stress-induced effects on adult neurogenesis...

..o. in antidepressant action and is highly abundant early postnatally. We here tested the hypothesis that early life stress differentially affects hippocampal structural plasticity in female versus male offspring...

..Rather, adversity early in life can prepare the organism to perform optimally under conditions associated with high corticosteroid levels in adulthood...

..Surprisingly, we found no correlation between cell birth and corticosterone levels or stress response parameters in any age group...

..Finally, the time- and region-specific corticosteroid actions strongly depend on the individual's life history...

..Whether this sex difference in hippocampal GR-ir in depression relates to the increased incidence of depression in females awaits further study. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'...

..Finally, special attention will be paid to the prominent sex differences in early-life stress-induced alterations in neurogenesis...

..Continued research in this area and use of these models is critical for evaluating if neurogenesis based therapeutic strategies will indeed have the potential to aid those with degenerative conditions...

..We discuss recent literature in relation to Alzheimer's disease and dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, alcoholism, ischemia, epilepsy and major depression...

..This neurogenic action of mifepristone could potentially contribute to its clinical mechanism of action...

..All of these endpoints provide potential targets for novel treatment strategies of stress-related brain disorders...

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..This demonstrates that changes in angiogenic factors are implicated in the decreased adult proliferation found after chronic stress...

..These data indicate that similarly to its clinical efficacy, mifepristone's effects on adult neurogenesis are rapid and positive, and may therefore be important for its mechanism of action...

..These results indicate that chronic stress causes cycling cells in the adult hippocampus to arrest in G1, thereby providing more mechanistic insight in the stress-induced decrease in cell proliferation...

..This may have important implications for our understanding of the reversibility of stress-related hippocampal volume changes, such as occur, for example, in depression...

..They reflect clear differences in proliferative responsivity, particularly in the glia and vascular components, and suggest different underlying mechanisms in these groups...

..These findings are consistent with current theories that ascribe enhanced general cell survival to antidepressant action...

..The present approach validates expression profiling from small amounts of fixed neurons as a powerful tool to investigate molecular processes if fresh tissue is not available...

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..Modulation of apoptosis and neurogenesis, by drugs interfering with stress components like MR and/or GR, and/or mediators of the cell death cascade, may therefore provide important drug targets for the modulation of mood and memory...

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..The aim of our study was to define the expression and cell-specific distribution of doublecortin-like (DCL), a protein critically involved in neuronal division and radial migration during early corticogenesis, in both FCD and TSC...

..Given its involvement in mitosis, DCL appears to have a unique role in the early neuroepithelium that is different from later developmental stages when DCX is coexpressed...