Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol

..We conclude that new insights will be revealed from the neural network approaches to brain imaging in psychiatry that hold the potential to find causes for psychiatric disorders and (preventive) treatments in the future...

..Although both disorders are characterized by changes in brain structure, family studies suggest more segregating than overlapping neuroanatomical abnormalities in both disorders...

..The progressive brain changes present in chronic schizophrenia may represent a continuous pathophysiological process taking place in the brains of these patients that warrants further study...

..Focal reductions in myelin have been suggested in patients using magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) imaging but to what extent schizophrenia may be related to changes in MTR measured along entire fiber bundles is still unknown...

..Some brain volume changes are progressive over the course of the illness. Whether these progressive brain volume changes are mediated by genetic or disease-related factors is unknown...

..Structural neuroimaging studies suggest the presence of subtle abnormalities in the brains of patients with bipolar disorder. The influence of genetic and/or environmental factors on these brain abnormalities is unknown...

..Thus, not only does the brain continue to change well into adulthood, these changes are functionally relevant because they are related to intelligence...

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..Whether cortical thickness changes in schizophrenia over time are more pronounced relative to the changes that can be attributed to normal aging has not been studied...

..These findings suggest aberrant inter-hemispheric connectivity of anterior cortical and sub-cortical brain regions in schizophrenia, reflecting decreased hemispheric specialisation in schizophrenia...

..The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which hippocampal volume change in patients with schizophrenia is confounded by effects of age and/or antipsychotic medication...

..Moreover, the progression in left frontal density loss appears to be related to an increased number of psychotic episodes, with atypical antipsychotic medication attenuating these changes...

..For example, in litter-bearing mammals intrauterine position increases prenatal testosterone exposure through adjacent male fetuses, resulting in masculinization of brain morphology...

..Focal changes in the left anterior hemisphere may therefore be particularly relevant as endophenotype in genetic studies of schizophrenia...

..Whole brain and cerebral grey matter volumes decreased excessively in patients compared with their siblings and the controls, suggesting that the progressive brain loss in schizophrenia may be related to the disease process...

..First-episode schizophrenia patients who use cannabis show a more pronounced cortical thinning than non-using patients in areas known for their high density of CB1 receptors, such as the ACC and the DLPFC...

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..This large magnetic resonance imaging study examined brain structures in patients with schizophrenia, their nonpsychotic siblings, and healthy control subjects using global and focal brain measurements...

..Pubertal development may be directly involved in the decreases in gray matter areas that accompany the transition of our brains from childhood into adulthood...

..Our results suggest that the functionally linked resting-state networks reflect the underlying structural connectivity architecture of the human brain...

..Thus, one would expect the progression in brain volume change in schizophrenia to follow a more complex trajectory over time...

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..g., around the thalamus). These tools will facilitate the design and analysis of multisite VBM and CORT studies for detecting group differences and estimating heritability...

..Larger training samples gave more reliable models: Models based on sample sizes smaller than N=130 should be considered unstable and can even score below chance...

..Study of genes involved in the (maintenance) of white matter structures may be particularly fruitful in schizophrenia...

..We aimed to investigate the relationship between DUI, outcome and brain volume at illness onset or brain volume change during the first five years of the illness in first-episode patients...

..In this study, quantitative and semi-quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures were studied in relation to response to a 12-week controlled antidepressant monotherapy trial...

..In contrast to most findings of the literature to date, the results from this study indicate that lifetime depression as well as current state does not seem to influence brain structure in depressed female elderly...

..In addition, genes involved in LH production may be promising candidate genes in neuropsychiatric illnesses with an onset in early adolescence...

..We suggest that in pubertal girls, estradiol may be implicated in neuronal changes in the cerebral cortex during this important period of brain development...

..We aim to define the relative contributions of genetic and nongenetic factors to the association between structural brain abnormalities and Sz in a uniquely powered cohort (Schizophrenia Twins and Relatives consortium)...

..Our data suggest hippocampal involvement, independent of subcortical white matter lesions, in the neuropathology of early-onset depression...

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..Identifying structural brain abnormalities under genetic control is of particular importance as these could represent endophenotypes of autism...

..One would expect global gray matter to decrease progressively, particularly in first-episode patients, because clinical deterioration is greatest in the early stages of the disease...

..Nevertheless, our findings may support the possibility that BDNF affects brain morphology differently in schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects...

..Higher within-twin pair similarities in monozygotic compared to dizygotic twin pairs, suggests that hypothalamus volume might be partly genetically controlled...

..We examined monozygotic twins concordant and discordant for schizophrenia to clarify the role of genetic and environmental factors in determining brain abnormalities...

..35). These findings point to a neural network that shares a common genetic origin with human intelligence...

..We found evidence suggestive of decreasing volumes of the putamen and nucleus accumbens over time after discontinuation of medication. This might suggest that discontinuation reverses effects of atypical medication...

..No significant correlations were found between the brain volume measures and any of these measures. Gray matter volume at illness onset does not predict outcome after 2 years in recent-onset schizophrenia...

..However, changes in the arcuate fasciculus may be relevant to (the risk to develop) psychosis, while a general and widespread loss of fiber integrity may be related to illness progression...

..Brain and body each expand at their own pace and through separate genetic pathways. There are distinct genetic processes acting on structural brain development, which cannot be explained by genetic increase in height...

..A correlation with attention problems for controls suggests that frontostriatal organization is relevant to ADHD-related behaviors...

..Specifically, we will discuss the value of these new functional connectivity tools in examining believed connectivity diseases, like Alzheimer's disease, dementia, schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis...

..In this comprehensive meta-analysis the magnitude and extent of brain volume differences between 2,418 patients with major depressive disorder and 1,974 healthy individuals from 64 studies was determined...

..It is likely that subsets of disease-associated SNPs are associated with distinct heritable disease-associated phenotypes. Therefore, we examined the shared genetic susceptibility modulating schizophrenia and brain volume...

..Thus our findings suggest that a set of genes is shaping the underlying architecture of functional brain communication during development...

..These findings indicate that volume decreases in brain structures important for the normal functioning of the HPA axis are not present, either in recent-onset or chronically ill patients...

..New techniques such as genome-wide scans may become helpful in the search for genes that are involved in the regulation of human brain volume throughout life...

..84 for gray matter, and > or = 0.78 for white matter volume. Calibration of segmentation procedures allows morphologic MRI data acquired at different research sites to be combined reliably in multicenter studies...

..However, while providing important information on gray matter activation, no information is gathered on the co-activity along white matter tracts in neural networks...

..In conclusion, we have presented a new partial volume segmentation algorithm that allows for comparisons over scanners and voxel sizes...

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..This could reflect aberrant processes in schizophrenia, such as altered synaptic activity, changed glutamate receptor functioning, abnormal glutamine-glutamate cycling, or dysfunctional glutamate transport...

..Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc...

..Although structural brain abnormalities, particularly decrements in gray matter volume, are considered important to the pathology of schizophrenia, it is not resolved whether the brain abnormalities become more prominent over time...

..Examining the specific organization of the functional connections within the primary motor network could enhance our overall understanding of the organization of resting-state functional communication within the brain...

..The authors investigated the relationship between depression duration and cerebral gray matter volume in female patients with recurrent major depressive disorder...

..The results confirm that there is global intellectual impairment in schizophrenia patients at the onset of illness but no age-accelerated decline and are consistent with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia...

..To study the influence of increased familial risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on brain morphology...

..To evaluate cerebral abnormalities in childhood idiopathic anatomic megalencephaly (MC) by means of different magnetic resonance (MR) modalities...

..Therefore, we wished to investigate the relationship between age of first depression onset and hippocampal volume, with adjustment for subcortical white matter lesions...

..Furthermore, as cross-sectional volumetric coupling is indicative of maturational coupling, aberrant grey matter coupling may be a marker of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in schizophrenia...

..Our findings indicate a strong positive association between the global efficiency of functional brain networks and intellectual performance...

..How this disease affects the central motor network is largely unknown. Here, we combined for the first time structural and functional imaging measures on the motor network in patients with ALS and healthy controls...

..No deficits were found in odor detection ability. The findings suggest that in human odor discrimination, there is more involvement of cortico-cortical pathways than of thalamo-cortical pathways...

..The authors investigated whether current or lifetime alcohol intake is related to volumes of total brain, cerebellum, ventricles, peripheral cerebrospinal fluid, and cerebral gray and white matter in moderate drinkers...