Rob E Aarnoutse

..When applied in a therapeutic dose (600 mg twice daily), ritonavir also inhibits CYP2D6. The effect of low-dose ritonavir on CYP2D6 is unknown and was investigated in this study...

..High indinavir Cmax values have been associated with indinavir-related nephrotoxicity...

..This study was performed to evaluate the steady-state pharmacokinetics, food intake requirements and short-term tolerability of once-daily combinations of nelfinavir and low-dose ritonavir...

..Additional clinical trials are needed before routine TDM can be adopted as standard of care in the treatment of HIV infection...

..Combined use of lopinavir/ritonavir and rifampicin is challenging as it implies balancing between suboptimal efficacy and toxicity...

..A Phase II study was conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetics, and short-term safety and efficacy of an indinavir/ritonavir combination as part of a once-daily regimen...

..This variability may have important implications for therapeutic drug monitoring of these drugs and for pharmacokinetic studies. Interlaboratory testing is useful to alert laboratories to previously undetected analytical problems...

....

..We determined the rate of fluoroquinolone resistance in M. tuberculosis isolates obtained from Tanzanian patients and linked this to previous fluoroquinolone exposure and mycobacterial resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid...

..Our objective was to study the combined use of rifampicin and the newly introduced lopinavir/ritonavir tablets...

....

..We provide a summary of the problem so that further research can be conducted to address this are of clinical need...

..The pharmacokinetic data suggest that indinavir/ritonavir plus efavirenz (without dose modifications) should be effective in treatment-naive patients, and this was supported by the treatment response of the participants...

..In addition, pre-treatment with INH, HYD or RIF increases the in vitro toxicity of INH. These results give us greater insight into the development of ATDH...

..9% (95% CI 0.04-4.3%). It is encouraging to find a lower rate of antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity than one would expect based on the high prevalence of risk factors such as HIV and hepatitis B...

..The results demonstrate the need for and utility of an ongoing quality control program in this area of bioanalysis...

..In the absence of a gold standard for measuring compliance and to avoid complex techniques, measuring plasma concentrations may be an objective and easy way to check noncompliance...

..014). Virologic failure of nelfinavir-containing triple therapy can be explained, to a large extent, by low plasma levels of nelfinavir...

....

..In addition, therapeutic drug monitoring may be used as a direct and objective instrument to measure non-adherence. This review describes possibilities and limitations of therapeutic drug monitoring in HIV treatment...

..The reduced cost and the lack of evidence of toxicity at higher daily doses remove the other arguments. To optimize tuberculosis treatment, the clinical value of higher doses of rifampicin should be tested in clinical trials...

..Our preliminary adherence behavior model should be validated in larger, nonadherent patient populations and evaluated for its applicability to the development of adherence-promoting strategies...

..The results demonstrate the need for and utility of an ongoing proficiency testing program to further improve the analytical methods for routine patient management and clinical research...

..The current study evaluates the sale of fluoroquinolones (among other antibacterials) in Moshi, Tanzania, a country with one of the highest burdens of TB in the world...

..CONCLUSION: Exposure (AUC(0-6 h)) to rifampicin was 53% lower in Indonesian patients with TB and DM, compared with patients with TB only. Patients with TB and DM who have a higher body weight may need a higher dose of rifampicin...

..The aim was to assess the degree of unnoticed tacrolimus overexposure in renal transplant patients with mild diarrhea while on treatment with tacrolimus and MMF...

..Priorities for future studies include basic studies to elucidate the mechanism of antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity, genetic risk factor studies and the development of shorter and safer tuberculosis drug regimens...

..Follow-up studies are warranted to assess whether high-dose rifampin may enable shortening of TB treatment...

....