Wout Slob

..The various applications of the proposed methodology are illustrated by real data sets...

..This approach results in an estimate of the fraction of the population as a function of the fraction of days at which the exposure limit is exceeded by the individual...

..Our results illustrate that the simulation model can be used for validating dietary exposure models, and for indicating how exposure models may be improved...

..The typical 28-day study design of four dose groups with five animals (per sex) may not be adequate to assess endpoints with large residual variation (CV > or = 18%), both in assessing a benchmark dose and in assessing a NOAEL...

..18 mg/kg bw/day). These results suggest that decaBDE may represent an as yet unreported hazard for reproductive health...

..The low BMDLs of these effects may raise concern for human health, particularly when based on body burdens of HBCD, which leads to critical margins of exposure particularly for the occupational setting...

..Combined with data of human exposure to environmental TBBPA, the margin of exposure for highly exposed populations can be calculated at 2.6, and current use of TBBPA may therefore be a matter of concern for human health...

..The consequences that these findings may have for risk assessment and risk management are discussed, especially in the context of REACH...

..5 mkd in males and 2.3 mkd in females). These results contribute to refinement of the hazard identification of pentaBDE and improved risk assessment of human exposure to this industrial chemical and environmental pollutant...

..More knowledge about the interaction between maternal and developmental effects is required before decisions on omitting the requirement for the developmental toxicity testing in a second species can be considered...

..These graphs will facilitate the discussions on appropriate risk reduction measures to be taken...

..Further analysis of the in vitro-in vivo correlation would therefore require high-quality in vivo data, generated by appropriate (and similar) study designs...

..We conclude that the combined consumption of fish and nitrate-rich vegetables appears to lead to marginal increases of additional cancer risk...

..0 when the BMDL (or BMD uncertainty distribution) is used, and around 3.4 when the NOAEL is used as a point of departure for further risk assessment...

..Taking into account the possible (partly) reversibility of this effect we conclude that no clear adverse health effects will be associated to the exposure (February 2000-December 2002) to DON in The Netherlands...

..010-0.12). These data show the relatively high sensitivity of the developing immune system and thereby illustrate the relevance of testing immune parameters in reproductive and developmental toxicity testing protocols...

..These results support the proposal of replacing the current two-generation study by a one-generation study with a more extensive assessment of parameters at F(1) adulthood...

..This information leads to a better informed conclusion on the risk of a substance, and may be very useful to define the necessary measures for risk reduction...

..Overall, female rats appeared to be more sensitive to HBCD than male rats, and an overall BMDL is proposed at 1.6 mkd, based on a 10% increase of the thyroid weight, which was the most sensitive parameter in the sequence of events...

..We show how the relative contributions from the various sources of uncertainty involved may be quantified...

..This results in more accurate, and less conservative distributions of AFs in general compared to the distributions based on NOAEL ratios that have been proposed so far...

..In the context of a probabilistic risk assessment the bootstrap method has the advantage that it directly links to Monte Carlo analysis...

..Suppressive effects on body weights and relative liver weight were estimated at 2.2 and 2.7%. However, the large confidence intervals around these estimates indicated that the magnitudes of these effects are uncertain...

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