A M Schols

..Nutritional or pharmacologic modulation of the catabolic response may further enhance the response in the near future...

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..Patients responding to this treatment even demonstrated a decreased mortality. The effectiveness of anti-catabolic modulation requires further investigation...

..The focus of this review is on translation of putative mechanisms of altered energy metabolism and muscle maintenance in cachexia to clinical comparative and intervention studies on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)...

..Poor response was related to the effects of systemic inflammation on dietary intake and catabolism. The effectiveness of anticatabolic modulation requires further investigation...

..Survival studies have consistently shown significantly greater mortality rates in underweight and normal-weight patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) than in overweight and obese COPD patients...

..25 mg/kg per day i.m.) causes a decrease in muscle energy status together with a mismatch between glycolysis and oxidative metabolism...

..Schols AMWJ, Creutzberg EC, Buurman WA, Campfield LA, Saris WHM, Wouters EFM. Plasma leptin is related to proinflammatory status and dietary intake in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease...

..Skeletal muscle weakness is a prominent problem in many patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)...

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..61; p < 0.001), but not with Gln. This study illustrates that reduced Glu levels in skeletal muscle of patients with emphysema are possibly related to an enhanced glycolytic activity and associated with decreased GSH levels...

..Further research is needed to investigate whether these factors contribute to eventual disturbances in intermediary metabolism as reflected by the increased glucose concentration and ECW/ICW ratio...

..The absence of muscular NF-κB-dependent inflammatory signaling supports the notion that transition of systemic to local inflammation is required to initiate UPS-dependent muscle wasting characteristic for (experimental) cachexia...

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..These results demonstrate that inflammatory cytokines may contribute to muscle wasting through the inhibition of myogenic differentiation via a NF-kappaB-dependent pathway...

..Proposed mechanisms will be outlined in the present article, as well as the therapeutic potential of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor modulation in the treatment of skeletal muscle dysfunction...

..Evidence was found that the elevated leptin concentrations were in turn under control of the systemic inflammatory response, and, presumably, the high-dose systemic glucocorticosteroid treatment...

..However, factors other than physical inactivity, such as Pa(O(2)) or DL(CO), play a role in the different La responses during exercise in subjects with different subtypes of COPD...

..01 and 21%, p < 0.01, respectively), suggesting enhanced nitrogen efflux. This study shows that exercise alters amino acid (intermediary) metabolism in patients with COPD and independent of the presence of FFM wasting...

..The metabolic effects of salbutamol were however not sufficient to explain totally the elevated REE seen in these patients...

..The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the chronic inflammatory process present in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is due to a defective endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanism...

..Use of nutritional supplements in depleted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requires optimization between positive effects on outcome and potential acute adverse effects on metabolism and exercise performance...

..The present study reveals elevated levels for protein turnover in patients with COPD, and indicates that infusion of the Leu tracer gives a reflection of Leu metabolism but not of whole-body protein metabolism in these patients...

..The effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in advanced COPD is well established, but few data are available in less advanced disease...

..Depletion of fat-free mass (FFM) occurs in a considerable number of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)...

..The present review discusses the rationale for anabolic steroid treatment in acute and chronic disease, their mechanistic actions, the available clinical trials in acute and chronic disease and their side-effects...

..66 +/- 0.12, P < 0.05); this was most pronounced in women. In conclusion, it was found that COPD patients with extreme FFM wasting are characterized by an increased ECW-ICW ratio despite a relatively spared fat mass...

..The aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of energy- and protein-rich nutritional supplements during hospitalization for an acute exacerbation in nutritionally depleted COPD patients...

..No correlation, however, existed between the decrease in REE and the decrease in the acute-phase proteins. In conclusion, chemotherapeutic treatment attenuates the tumour-related metabolic derangements and acute-phase response...

..05). In conclusion, beta-adrenoceptor-mediated lipolysis and thermogenesis are impaired in COPD patients. This may play a role in the development or maintenance of their relatively increased fat mass...

..Also, in this group of clinically and weight stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, apoptosis appeared not to be involved in muscle pathology...

..A study was undertaken to investigate the discriminative value of high sensitivity CRP in COPD with respect to markers of local and systemic impairment, disability, and handicap...

..Glutamate and reduced glutathione levels are strongly interrelated in both muscles, independent of fibre type distribution and fibre size...

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..The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PUFA modulation on systemic inflammation, reversal of muscle wasting, and functional status in COPD...

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..The low uncoupling protein-3 content is independent of the loss of oxidative capacity observed in these patients...

..Low oxidative capacity is closely related to the proportion of type-I fibres, but an additional reduction of oxidative enzyme activity is present within IIA fibres. Fibre-type abnormalities may be aggravated in emphysema...

..In particular, PGC-1alpha and PPAR-alpha may be involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis during myogenesis...

..Altered regulation of muscle protein turnover seems to be the trigger in the body compositional shift observed in these patients...

..The potential interaction between abnormal adipose tissue function, systemic inflammation and COPD may provide more insight into the pathogenesis and reversibility of systemic pathology in this disease...

..These findings demonstrate that muscle-specific inhibition of NF-kappaB activation may be an interesting therapeutic avenue for treatment of several inflammation-associated skeletal muscle abnormalities...

..The BMI independent relationship between leptin and both soluble TNF-receptors is consistent with a regulatory role for leptin in the inflammatory state in morbidly obese subjects...

..Therefore, a disturbed expression of these regulatory factors may well underlie the disturbed skeletal muscle functioning in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease...

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..Unravelling the relative contributions of these external factors to the observed alterations in the various diseases may contribute to targeted intervention strategies to improve muscle function in selected groups of patients...

..In conclusion, these results demonstrate that TNF-α impairs muscle oxphen in a NF-κB-dependent manner...

..However, the metabolic effects of glutamate supplementation have never been compared with those of glutamine supplementation...

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..We conclude that exercise-training can restore muscle UCP3 protein level in COPD, and the nature of this response complies with the hypothesis that UCP3 may protect against lipotoxicity...

..Experimental studies indicate that greater skeletal muscle protein breakdown is a trigger for the cachexia that often is prevalent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)...

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..Pulmonary rehabilitation can improve the functional capacity, but has a variable effect on the low fat-free mass (FFM) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease...

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..A study was conducted to determine whether vastus lateralis muscle fibre type proportions are associated with COPD disease severity and to provide reference values for the proportions of fibre types in the vastus lateralis in COPD...

..Proteome Res. 2007, 6(5), 1974-1984). For this, relatively young animals were used. In our communication, we note that, based on other literature, it is likely that the adaptive response of skeletal muscle to hypoxia attenuates with age...

..We hypothesized that an increased availability of glutamate via glutamate ingestion increases muscle glutamate concentration leading to acute improvements in skeletal muscle energy metabolism and function...

..Inhibition of GSK-3beta may be a potential strategy in prevention or treatment of muscle atrophy...

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..These results implicate that TNFalpha inhibits myogenic differentiation through destabilizing MyoD protein in a NF-kappaB-dependent manner, which interferes with skeletal muscle regeneration and may contribute to muscle wasting...

..Anabolic steroids could be an additional mode of intervention to improve outcome of pulmonary rehabilitation by increasing physiologic functioning, possibly mediated by increasing erythropoietic function...

..This protocol may aid studies aimed at elucidating mechanisms of myogenic differentiation, where a homogeneous population of myotubes is preferred...

..As yet, little information is available about the long-term outcome of patients who have been hospitalized with acute exacerbations, although high mortality rates have been reported...

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..These results suggest that knowledge about the individual physical activity level is necessary for the estimation of the energy need of the COPD patient...

..Exercise is known to improve physical capacity and muscle mass in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, recent evidence suggests that exercise may also negatively influence metabolism in COPD...

..Maintenance systemic glucocorticosteroids, prescribed in a substantial number of patients, further contribute to muscle weakness. We investigated the efficacy of oral nutritional supplementation therapy in depleted patients with COPD...

..This review aims at summarizing and critically evaluating the available clinical studies examining alterations in amino acid profile in plasma and skeletal muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease...

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..Our observations suggest that the inhibitory effects of TNF-alpha on myogenesis can be uncoupled in a redox-sensitive component affecting myotube formation and a redox independent component affecting myogenic protein expression...

..Although the loss of peripheral muscle mass has been shown convincingly in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the underlying pathogenesis remains unclear...

..Skeletal muscle wasting is related to muscle dysfunction, exercise intolerance, and increased mortality risk in patients with COPD...

..This study illustrates that there might be an optimum for the portion size of nutritional drink supplements in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and that more is not always better...

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..In addition, pulmonary rehabilitation increased exercise capacity and was associated with reduced exercise-induced oxidative stress...

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..Furthermore, several options for modulating muscle glutamate concentration in order to improve glutamate metabolism are discussed...

..ESPEN guidelines for the clinical use of BIA measurements are described in a paper to appear soon in Clinical Nutrition...

..Previously, we reported increased values for whole-body protein turnover in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the postabsorptive state...

..Corticosteroid treatment affects muscle protein and glutamine metabolism. In the present study we aimed to clarify to what extent anorexia, weight loss and corticosteroids determine protein and glutamine metabolism in muscle...

..COPD does not affect postabsorptive WB glutamate metabolism but may influence splanchnic glutamate metabolism during feeding...

..In RTx patients, muscle strength and PAL are highly related to exercise capacity. Renal function appears to be a significant predictor of LBM, and through the LBM, of muscle strength and exercise capacity...

..It is often suggested that chronic wasting diseases [eg, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)] may benefit from branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) administration via improved protein metabolism...

..The aim of the study was to compare intrinsic muscular parameters between HD and RTx patients and controls, and to assess the response to exercise training on exercise capacity and muscular structure and function in these groups...

..Therefore, this study identifies GSK-3beta as a potential target for pharmacological stimulation of muscle growth...