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..CONCLUSION: We have shown that it is technically feasible to perform a clinical trial on the comparative effects of natural and industrial sources of TFA isomers on CVD risk factors. Results are expected by mid-2006...

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..It is unclear whether plant stanols lower serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations and cholesterol-standardized fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations dose-dependently when consumption exceeds the recommended daily intakes of 2.0-3.0 g...

..These challenging questions can only be tackled through an integrated approach that combines the expertise from various disciplines...

..LDL-cholesterol standardised concentrations of tocopherol increased. The observed decrease in beta-carotene levels, as found in many other studies, appears not to be limited to the LDL fraction...

..The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings from human studies on dietary effects on hepatic lipid accumulation...

..Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is increased in the presence of hypertriglyceridemia. Free fatty acids (FFAs) in plasma may promote factor VII (FVII) activation...

..Fats, however, also affect HDL cholesterol, and the ratio of total to HDL cholesterol is a more specific marker of CAD than is LDL cholesterol...

..In general, however, fats were compared with different functional characteristics, which lower the practical applications of the results...

..Tocotrienols, lipid-soluble antioxidants with vitamin E activity, have been reported to lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations and platelet aggregation in men, but results are contradictory...

..The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings from human studies on the metabolic and health effects of these two classes of isomeric fatty acids...

..Without doubt, the effects of stearic acid are more favorable than those of trans monounsaturated FA...

..To examine in humans the effects on serum lipids, lipoproteins and fat-soluble antioxidants of a daily consumption of 2.5 g plant stanols, consumed either once per day at lunch or divided over the three meals...

..However, for the most lipophylic carotenoids, some of the reduction was also related to the decrease in cholesterol absorption...

..We conclude that long-term consumption of both plant sterol and stanol esters effectively lowered LDL-cholesterol concentrations in statin users...

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..CONCLUSION: For slightly obese subjects a moderate intake of fish oil does not have the same favourable effects on markers for a low-grade inflammatory state as weight reduction...

..CONCLUSIONS: In healthy elderly subjects, ALA might affect concentrations of LDL-cholesterol and apoB more favorably than EPA/DHA, whereas EPA/DHA seems to affect TFPI more beneficially...

..In conclusion, more research is warranted to better understand the physiological effects and the mechanisms involved of dairy products in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome...

..044). We conclude that the ALA:LA ratio does not affect the serum lipoprotein profile. Compared with the control and LA diets, ALA lowered LDL cholesterol concentrations, possibly caused by the decrease in small VLDL...

..05) after consumption of PSE. Consumption of beta-glucan with or without PSE did not influence inflammatory parameters in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects...

..As both apo E and CETP contribute to the reverse transport of cholesterol to the liver, the effects of variations at the CETP locus may very well interact with the apo E genotype...

..Finally, dietary supplements containing folate and vitamins B6 and/or B12 should be tested for their potential to reduce cardiovascular risk by lowering the plasma level of homocysteine...

..Furthermore, both mixtures were equally effective in lowering serum LDL cholesterol concentrations...

..A reduced cholesterol absorption contributes to the cholesterol-lowering effect of beta-glucan without affecting plasma concentrations of lipid-soluble antioxidants...

..To investigate the in vivo oxidation of (13)C18:2n-6 and its conversion into longer-chain polyunsaturates (LCPs) in healthy subjects...

..However, post-marketing surveillance for example for functional foods in general is necessary to monitor possible adverse effects and describe consumers and consumption patterns...

..However, evidence from intervention studies is scarce. Our aim was to investigate the effects of daily consumption of low-fat dairy products on metabolic risk parameters in overweight and obese men and women...

..To assess the effects of plant sterol or stanol ester consumption on their incorporation into erythrocytes and their effects on osmotic fragility of red blood cells...

..beta-Glucan muesli effectively lowered serum LDL cholesterol concentrations. The addition of plant stanol esters to beta-glucan-enriched muesli further lowered serum LDL cholesterol, although effects were slightly less than predicted...

..001) and by 0.35 fL compared with the linoleic acid diet (P < 0.001). In conclusion, our results do not suggest that stearic acid is highly thrombogenic compared with oleic and linoleic acids...

..Identification of common variations in genes related to dietary responsiveness is therefore an attractive goal to be able to prescribe individually tailored diets for the treatment of dyslipidaemia...

..Essential fatty acids (EFAs) in umbilical cord blood samples are associated with attained birth weight in premature infants and low-birth-weight neonates...

..Therefore, we conclude that the evaluated individual policosanols, as well as the natural policosanol mixture, have no potential for reducing coronary heart disease risk through effects on serum lipoprotein concentrations...

..The relevance of these findings therefore deserves further exploration...

..In conclusion, trans alpha-linolenic acid may increase plasma LDL-:HDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratios. Whether diet-induced changes in these ratios truly affects the risk for CHD remains to be established...

..In these cells, no Th1 shift was observed. Our results, therefore, indicate that TLR2 activation is essential to induce a Th1 shift in human PBMCs by plant stanols and plant sterols...

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..In conclusion, plant sterols and stanols effectively reduce serum LDL cholesterol and atherosclerotic risk. In addition potential effects of plant sterols and stanols on other metabolic processes remain to be elucidated...

..We examined whether lipid-induced insulin resistance was associated with downregulation of expression of skeletal muscle genes involved in oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis in humans...

..Therefore, more human studies are needed at the molecular as well as at the physiological level to understand the true role of SCD1 during the development of obesity and the MS...

..Several case-control studies have examined the association between the Gly972Arg variant in the IRS-1 gene and Type 2 diabetes, but most had limited power and results could therefore be conflicting...

..We conclude that both techniques have their own (dis)advantages and specificities, and for less pronounced changes using both technologies may be useful as complementation rather than validation...

..001). This indicates that 1.1 g/d EPA+DHA supplied for 6 wk, in contrast to approximately 10 kg weight loss, does not improve markers of endothelial function and inflammation...

..Finally, we suggest that the pro-inflammatory effects of ARA versus EPA and OA are not related to PPARgamma activation and/or eicosanoid formation...

..Future studies should further elucidate differential effects of fatty acids on colitis development in time...

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..In conclusion, 16 days pretreatment with rosiglitazone impaired DSS-induced colitis in mice...

..Our results indicate that glutamine, leucine and proline attenuate IL-8 production, probably through inhibition of NF-κB, and that they increase Akt phosphorylation in HepG2 cells...

..Many studies on the health effects of the glycemic index (GI) are confounded by differences in the intakes of other macronutrients and fibre. Little data exist about the within- and between-subject variability of the GI...

..Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the effect of plant stanol esters on serum TAG concentrations origins from a lowered hepatic production of large TAG-rich VLDL-1 particles...

..Taken together, PSE supplementation not only lowered LDL cholesterol, but also serum TAG concentrations, especially in subjects with overt hypertriglyceridemia...

..This shows that the observed reduction in serum carotenoid concentrations during 18 months consumption of these functional foods does not affect MPOD...

..5 g/d does not affect neurocognitive functioning or mood in hypercholesterolemic individuals receiving statin treatment...

..We conclude that, in apolipoprotein E*3-Leiden mice, campesterol is preferentially incorporated into most tissues over sitosterol, which cannot be deduced from changes in serum concentrations...

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..Intervention studies are inconsistent, however, possibly due to differences in macronutrient and fiber compositions of the experimental diets...

..Additionally, epidemiological studies suggest that a diet high in water-soluble fiber is inversely associated with the risk of CVD. These findings underlie current dietary recommendations to increase water-soluble fiber intake...

..Effects on TAG were also present in combination with statin treatment, illustrating an additional benefit of stanol esters in this CHD risk population...

..CONCLUSIONS: In humans with LDL phenotype B, c9, t11 CLA and t10, c12 CLA do not beneficially change risk factors for cardiovascular disease or diabetes...

..Therefore, studies to further validate generic predictors for the CVD risk should be initiated...

..Our findings indicate that the decreased intestinal absorption of cholesterol and carotenoids by plant sterols and stanols is caused by two distinct mechanisms...

..If so, then substituting these three 18-carbon fatty acids for each other would result in similar effects on the serum lipoprotein profile...

..The limited incorporation of dietary ALA into the hepatic phospholipid pool contributes to the low hepatic conversion of ALA into EPA. A low conversion of ALA-derived EPA into DPA might be an additional obstacle for DHA synthesis...

..Enhancing immune function or alternatively dampening inflammatory processes by specific food components has received a lot of interest. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings with the emphasis on underlying mechanisms...

..Findings about the effects of beta-glucan on serum lipoproteins are conflicting...

..Effects on desaturation indices were, however, not reflected by changes at the transcriptional level for the various desaturases and elongase enzymes in PBMC...

..It is not very likely that tocotrienols from palm oil or rice bran oil have favorable effects on the human serum lipoprotein profile...

..Human in vivo data on dietary determinants of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) metabolism are scarce...

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..If our hypothesis is correct, then the LXR pathway may be a target for dietary regulation of intestinal lipid metabolism...

..Nor did it correlate significantly with changes in serum cholesterol-standardized lathosterol concentrations. This suggests that HMG-CoA reductase may be only partly regulated at a transcriptional level...

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..Thus, plant stanols/sterols can be considered to be effective and safe cholesterol-lowering functional food ingredients...

..This may constitute an explanation for the suggested effects of plant sterols on vascular function. However, this novel finding needs confirmation and further study...

..bisporus activate BMM, without activating enterocytes. These characteristics make A. bisporus an attractive candidate as a nutritional compound to stimulate the immune response in depressed states of immunity...

..Inflammatory signatures in fasting, nonstimulated plasma as determined by an antibody array may indicate enhanced immune function by both CLA isomers...

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..bisporus, consisting 90% of alpha-glucans, induced in vitro tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha and nitric oxide production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of consuming...

..Although there is quite some knowledge concerning regulatory effects in the liver, less is known concerning potential agents that could elevate de-novo apoA-I production in the small intestine...

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..We therefore conclude that FA-induced NF-kappaB activation is not sufficient for the induction of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle cells...

..This knowledge may ultimately be applied in developing dietary intervention strategies to elevate apoA-I production and serum HDL-C concentrations and consequently lower CHD risk...

..14%; P <0.05). Our findings indicate that DGAT1 contributes to the storage of IMCL and that in vivo DNA electroporation is a promising tool to examine the functional consequences of altered gene expression in mature skeletal muscle...

..Collectively, these results demonstrate that SFA-induced NF-kappaB activation coincides with insulin resistance and depends on FA chain length...

..The impact of this genotype and its modification by overweight may be smaller than suggested previously...

..Since these factors may act as potential confounders, they must be controlled for before more solid conclusions can be reached...

..In summary, our data show that LF diet has a higher potential than ER to improve HF diet-induced insulin resistance, and that there is an association between improvement of insulin resistance and decrease of TG levels...

..Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarise the current understanding of the biological effects, next to identifying future research needs that will help to clarify the possible impact of oxyphytosterols on human health...

..Putative differences between the effects of TFAs from industrially produced and natural sources on CVD risk markers were not previously investigated in healthy subjects...

..Whether the increased serum sterol concentrations result in adverse side effects needs to be investigated in future postlaunch monitoring studies...

..We conclude that rosiglitazone treatment leads to strong improvement of insulin sensitivity, irrespective of increased muscle TG content, in ob/ob mice...

..We hypothesize that the different hepatic fat accumulation and/or decrease in FA intermediates has a major effect on the insulin sensitivity of the liver...

..To examine the effects of two different conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers at two different intakes on body composition in overweight humans...

..05) in both groups. We conclude that partial replacement of saturated fat by fish oil does not improve preexisting high fat diet-induced insulin resistance, although it lowers TNF-alpha protein levels in WAT...

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