T Kuiken

..The differential expression and distribution of α-2,3 and α-2,6 receptors among various avian species might reflect a potentially decisive factor in the emergence of new viral strains...

..We did clinical and experimental studies to assess the role of this virus in the cause of SARS...

..These results show that domestic cats are at risk of disease or death from H5N1 virus, can be infected by horizontal transmission, and may play a role in the epidemiology of this virus...

..Such animal models may be applied for the development of more effective antiviral drugs and vaccines to protect humans from the threat of these virus infections...

..This study demonstrates that hMPV is a respiratory pathogen and indicates that viral replication is short-lived, polarized to the apical surface, and occurs primarily in ciliated respiratory epithelial cells...

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..Addressing these factors might help to decrease the rate of emergence of infectious diseases and allow the transition to a more sustainable society...

..Several infectious and parasitic organisms, including poxvirus, Atopobacter phocae, Eimeria- and Sarcocystis-like organisms, and Halarachne sp. were identified in Caspian seals for the first time...

..Further understanding and comparison of the pathology of human and avian influenza virus infections only can be achieved by directed and careful pathological analysis of additional influenza cases...

..The marked endotheliotropism of the virus following intestinal inoculation indicates that the pathogenesis of systemic influenza virus infection in mammals may differ according to the portal of entry...

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..Therefore MVA-HA-VN/04 is a promising vaccine candidate for the induction of protective immunity against highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses...

..The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of vaccination strategies and vaccine development aiming at the induction of immunity to pandemic influenza...

..1 of H5N1 influenza viruses. Thus, the use of the novel adjuvant CoVaccine HT with cell culture-derived inactivated influenza A/H5N1 virus antigen is a promising and dose-sparing vaccine approach warranting further clinical evaluation...

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..These findings may explain, at least in part, the localization and severity of H5N1 viral pneumonia in humans. They also identify the cat and the ferret as suitable experimental animals based on this criterion...

..When first examined, 11 of the pups had a positive serum IgG titre, and four had a positive serum IgM titre. High levels of PDV-specific serum IgG antibodies were not correlated with an absence of clinical signs or longer survival...

..These results illustrate how quantitative analysis of pathology data from such epidemics can improve understanding of the causative disease...

..This might explain, at least partly, the tropism of the virus and the associated severity of lesions in this tissue...

..Its higher pathogenicity compared with a seasonal H1N1 virus may be explained in part by higher replication in the lower respiratory tract...

..Reverse transcription PCR, virus isolation, and immunohistochemistry showed that the respiratory tract is the major target of the virus...

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..Serological studies showed that by the age of five years, virtually all children in the Netherlands have been exposed to human metapneumovirus and that the virus has been circulating in humans for at least 50 years...

..In conclusion, the above H1N1 and H3N2 strains cause severe pneumonia in ferrets by use of the modified experimental procedures and provide a good model for pneumonia caused by seasonal influenza A virus infection in humans...

..These data suggest that MVA can safely be used as a basis for recombinant human vaccines, and that it is also safe for use in immunocompromised individuals...

..The data indicate that ARDS and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), observed in both humans and monkeys infected with this virus, are caused by diffuse alveolar damage from virus replication in the lungs alone...

..The implications of these observations are discussed in the light of the current pandemic threat and development of vaccines that aim at the induction of virus-specific CTL...

..By interdisciplinary efforts to better understand the intricate interaction between virus, tissue, and immune response, we may be able to find new ways to improve the outcome of influenza virus infections...

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..We conclude that the influenza virus HA and PB2 genes should be the prime targets for molecular surveillance during outbreaks of zoonotic HPAI viruses...

..Taken as a whole, our results support the notion that homozygosity increases susceptibility to parasitic infection and suggest that parasites can be effective in removing inbred individuals from the population...

..No evidence for a safety hazard associated with the route of vaccination was detected. The results of this study support further clinical evaluation of aerosol vaccination for measles...

..These data suggest that the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza virus has the ability to persist in the human population, potentially with more severe clinical consequences...

..This study indicates that formalin-inactivated hMPV vaccines have the same propensity to predispose for immune-mediated disease as inactivated RSV and MV vaccines...

..The PVA in human respiratory tract most closely mirrored that in ferrets and pigs for human influenza viruses and that in ferrets, pigs, and cats for avian influenza viruses...

..Virus attachment was not always predictive for efficient infection of the cells...

..Thus, ALI in SARS-CoV-infected aged macaques developed as a result of an exacerbated innate host response. The anti-inflammatory action of type I IFN reveals a potential intervention strategy for virus-induced ALI...

..Our data suggest that recombinant MVA expressing the HA of influenza virus A/Vietnam/1194/04 is a promising alternative vaccine candidate that could be used for the induction of protective immunity against various H5N1 influenza strains...

..Here we review the recent literature on these respiratory viruses...

..Postexposure treatment with pegylated IFN-alpha yielded intermediate results. We therefore suggest that pegylated IFN-alpha protects type 1 pneumocytes from SCV infection, and should be considered a candidate drug for SARS therapy...

..Because H7N7 viruses have caused disease in mammals, including horses, seals, and humans, on several occasions in the past, they may be unusual in their zoonotic potential and, thus, form a pandemic threat to humans...

..These studies provide proof of principle that dry powder inhalation is a possible route for measles vaccination, but suggest that either the vaccine formulation or the method of delivery need to be improved for a better immune response...

..The MVA-based smallpox vaccine protected macaques against a lethal respiratory challenge with monkeypox virus and is therefore an important candidate for the protection of humans against smallpox...

..The present study demonstrates that birds of the Laridae family are infected by family-specific adenoviruses that differ from known adenoviruses in other bird species...

..A retrospective microscopical examination of intestinal tissues from 113 harbour seals that had died between 1999 and 2004 revealed one seal that was positive for E phocae...

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..The development of myoepitheliomas and spleen hyperplasia upon cyclosporin A treatment in some of the PhHV-2-infected animals warrants further investigation of the oncogenic and zoonotic potential of this virus...

..We hypothesize that an IL-13-associated asthma-like mechanism resulted in airway hyperreactivity in these animals. This nonhuman primate model will be an important tool to assess the safety of nonreplicating candidate RSV vaccines...

..The observed failure to nurse may have resulted from brain injury due to perinatal asphyxia. Evidence for perinatal asphyxia was the diffuse presence of a moderate amount of meconium in the lungs...

..Three influenza pandemics of the previous century caused variable mortality, which largely depended on the development of severe pneumonia. However, the ability of the new H1N1 virus to cause pneumonia is poorly understood...

..In contrast, two immunizations induced robust antibody responses and protected ferrets from developing severe disease, confirming that MVA is an attractive influenza vaccine production platform...

..Altered receptor specificity of the virus with D222G thus affected interaction with cells of the human lower respiratory tract, possibly explaining the observed association with enhanced disease in humans...

..The vascular lesions associated with Trichobilharzia sp. infection may have contributed to the emaciation and death of those mute swans by obstruction of venous return in the intestinal and portal veins...

..This study in cats demonstrates that H5N1 virus infection causes systemic disease and spreads by potentially novel routes within and between mammalian hosts...

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..These results suggest that the ability of an influenza virus to attach to human upper respiratory tract is a critical factor for efficient transmission in the human population...

..Stranding pattern varied with age, sex, state of decomposition, wind, and location. Cumulative proportion of deaths (54%) was comparable to that in the first reported epidemic in 1988...

..The high antibody prevalence to potentially lethal CDV suggests that this pathogen could have significant effects on the free-ranging populations and has implications for the conservation efforts for the endangered European mink...

..Phylogenetic analyses on amplified sequences showed that these viruses were most closely related to each other, were a novel species in the genus Mamastrovirus and may represent two different serotypes...

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..This report emphasizes the importance of adequate protection against infectious diseases for the successful outcome of captive breeding programs of endangered species...

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..The data generated in this animal model show that administration of a human monoclonal antibody might offer a feasible and effective prophylaxis for the control of human SARS coronavirus infection...

..This finding extends the host range of influenza virus and has implications for influenza virus epidemiology and wildlife conservation...