L Perrin

..However the spatial diffusion of the epidemic from the perspective of the virus has not previously been traced...

..The lack of HRV full-length genome sequences and the absence of analysis comparing picornaviruses at the whole genome level limit our knowledge of the genomic features supporting these differences...

..The spreading of HIV-1 variants has implications for diagnostic, treatment, and vaccine development...

..Six subjects had both detectable plasma viremia and evidence of HIV-1 RNA in lymphoid tissue. The results indicate that absence of detectable HIV RNA in lymphoid tissue is associated with viremia levels of HIV-1 RNA <20 copies/mL...

..In clinical practice, adherence is closely linked to the patient's commitment, which is the key parameter for treatment decision...

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..These data suggest a higher efficacy of combined therapy compared with zidovudine monotherapy in PHI patients and indicate that control of viraemia for at least 1 year is achievable in PHI patients...

..03). These data suggest that there was a better initial CD4 response to didanosine therapy in patients with HIV without the mutation at codon 215, but that this response did not translate into increased survival...

..HIV and HCV genotypic analyses identified a HIV monophyletic group, whereas 4 clusters of HCV sequences were identified. To our knowledge, this is the largest documented outbreak of nosocomial HIV transmission...

..In conclusion, secretion of IgM anti-HCV core antibodies after OLT seems associated with recurrence of HCV-associated liver disease and may have diagnostic significance...

..In nelfinavir subjects, 30N was the only primary mutation whereas isolated or combined 82A/T and 461/L mutations were detected in indinavir subjects...

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..Ofloxacin, a quinolone antibiotic, was recently shown to increase the primary response rate to alpha-interferon treatment of chronic hepatitis C...

..According to this recent advance, early diagnostic and specific treatment targeting the humoral response should be considered...

..The new screening assay was positive before a third-generation anti-HIV screening assay gave positive results in 14/34 patients (41%). Using the DUO assay, the mean reduction of the window period was 4 days...

..To evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of ritonavir, nelfinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-experienced, initially protease inhibitor (PI)-naive, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected children...

..Leukemia inhibitor factor (LIF) is thought to play a substantial role in protecting CD4 T cells in lymphoid tissues (LT) from infection by HIV-1...

..Persisting p24 despite successful HAART may reflect virus replication in reservoirs not represented by plasma viral load and has implications for the concept of therapeutic vaccination...

..These data argue for testing all drug-naive patients and are of relevance when guidelines for management of postexposure prophylaxis and first-line therapy are updated...

..Our trial design appears to be feasible and safe for testing future immune-boosting strategies...

..Representative prevalence data of transmitted drug-resistant HIV-1 are essential to establish accurate guidelines addressing resistance testing and first-line treatments...

..We studied the determinants and the clinical relevance of incomplete CD4 T cell restoration...

..Risk factors associated with intermittent viraemia and its impact in patients treated by non-nucleoside-reverse-transcriptase-inhibitor-based (NNRTI) regimen need to be evaluated...

..0 specimen results were within 1 log, as were 85.6% (237/277) of paired Roche Monitor 2.0 and Bayer specimen results. These data demonstrate that the LCx assay may be used for quantitation of HCV RNA in HCV-infected individuals...

..CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of three of the eight mutations in the ATV/RTV genotypic resistance score predicted a clinically identifiable reduced response in patients...

..Because of differences in minor protease substitutions, protease inhibitor resistance could be enhanced in particular subtypes once the relevant major substitutions are selected...

..Differences between these regimen types in the extent of the emergence of drug resistance on virological failure and the implications for further treatment options have rarely been assessed...

..Although combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) dramatically reduces rates of AIDS and death, a minority of patients experience clinical disease progression during treatment...

..Initiation of antiretroviral therapy during primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection may confer long-term benefit...

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..Rather than considering viral load data to be an unaffordable luxury, efforts should be made to ensure that viral load testing becomes affordable, simple, and easy to use in resource-limited settings...

..Lung transplant recipients are particularly at risk of complications from rhinovirus, the most frequent respiratory virus circulating in the community...

..Treatment-related adverse events were more frequent with continuous treatment, but low CD4 counts and minor manifestations of HIV infection were more frequent with scheduled treatment interruption...

..Using a highly sensitive method, NFV was detected and quantified in the CSF, although at low values, which could have contributed to the high anti-HIV-1 efficacy of the therapy seen in our subjects...

..To determine whether the virulence of HIV-1 has been changing since its introduction into Switzerland...

..Our results suggest that only HR-1 sequencing is necessary to characterize resistance to T-20, and that HR-2 domain sequencing is probably not required...

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..This test could improve the monitoring of CMV infection or reactivation in renal transplant recipients...

..A better understanding of the underlying mechanism(s) may help to identify synergistic treatment targets and improved administration protocols to enhance control of chronic HIV infection...

..We also find that APOBEC3G can act on a broad range of retroviruses in addition to HIV, suggesting that hypermutation by editing is a general innate defence mechanism against this important group of pathogens...

..Treatment interruptions did not provoke clinical complications, and there was little drug resistance. Comparative trials will have to show what benefit, if any, is associated with intermittent, as opposed to continuous treatment...

..CONCLUSION: These findings identify a quantitative immune associate of host-virus interactions in established HIV-1 infection...

..01). This assay improved the monitoring of CMV infection or reactivation in hematopoietic allogeneic stem cell recipients...

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..These results advance the characterization of antiviral memory CD4 T-cell response and the delineation of the potential mechanisms that likely prevent the generation of a robust CD4 T-cell immune response during primary infection...

..This suggests that mechanisms inhibiting CTL-mediated cytotoxicity are operative in lymphoid tissue early in the course of HIV infection...

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..Treatment interruptions, a poor virologic response, and older age were the major factors negatively affecting the recovery of CD4 T lymphocytes...

..55-fold higher in patients with the M184V/I mutation than in patients without detectable mutation (P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The M184V/I mutation is frequently selected during repeated treatment interruptions...

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..These data suggest that drug-resistant variants and in particular multidrug-resistant variants have a substantially reduced transmission capacity...

..Sensitive quantitation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in blood is helpful for the diagnosis of CMV infection or reactivation and the monitoring of transplanted patients...

..In chronically infected IVDUs super-infection may be transient and may occur in patients controlling efficiently HIV infection by the initial strain...

..The finding of low HTLV-I/II prevalence among Swiss blood donors and containment of HTLV-I/II infection within known risk-groups does not support initiation of HTLV-I/II screening for Swiss blood, tissue, and organ donations...

..However, early virological failure increases significantly the risk of subsequent unfavourable virological responses. The choice of a potent initial antiretroviral drug regimen is therefore critical...

..1-8.1, P < 0.03 to P < 0.001). Pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the incubation of ARS features may be associated with progression to AIDS...

..Dendritic cells (DC) are target cells for HIV-1 and play a key role in antigen presentation and activation of T cells...

..These data provide an immunological mechanism to explain HLA-related risk of progression to AIDS and emphasize the central role of viral evolution in the pathogenesis of HIV...

..Our data indicate that the density of chemokine receptors expressed on CD4(+) T cells may be a critical parameters for the cytopathic effect of HIV strains and may have major impact on CD4 T cell depletion during HAART...

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..Across these cohorts, there is a trend for HCV prevalence to increase with HIV, though much of the variance is unexplained. For 25 cohorts with sufficient data, the median relative risk for HCV infection for persons with HIV is 1.52...

..By sequencing the 5' noncoding regions of rhinoviruses recovered from clinical specimens, we designed probes that could specifically detect rhinovirus...

..52%, p=.01). Genital ulcerations were present only in cases of sexual exposure to HIV. Injecting drug users had or reported symptoms associated with the ARS less frequently than persons acquiring HIV via sexual transmission...

..These viruses were associated with high morbidity, particularly in lung transplant recipients...