U Heininger

Summary

Affiliation: University Children's Hospital
Country: Switzerland

Publications

  1. ncbi A risk-benefit analysis of vaccination
    Ulrich Heininger
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital Basel, P O Box, CH 4005, Basel, Switzerland
    Vaccine 27:G9-G12. 2009
  2. ncbi The concept of vaccination failure
    U Heininger
    Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, University Children s Hospital UKBB, PO Box, CH 4031 Basel, Switzerland
    Vaccine 30:1265-8. 2012
  3. ncbi Human metapneumovirus infections--biannual epidemics and clinical findings in children in the region of Basel, Switzerland
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Children s Hospital UKBB, CH 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Eur J Pediatr 168:1455-60. 2009
  4. ncbi Evaluation of the compliance with recommended procedures in newborns exposed to HBsAg-positive mothers: a multicenter collaborative study
    Ulrich Heininger
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 29:248-50. 2010
  5. ncbi Maternally derived antibodies against Bordetella pertussis antigens pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin in preterm and full term newborns
    Ulrich Heininger
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 28:443-5. 2009
  6. ncbi Update on pertussis in children
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Children s Hospital UKBB, PO Box, CH 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 8:163-73. 2010
  7. ncbi Bordetella pertussis and concomitant viral respiratory tract infections are rare in children with cough illness
    Ulrich Heininger
    Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 30:640-4. 2011
  8. ncbi Preventive medicines: vaccination, prophylaxis of infectious diseases, disinfectants
    Ulrich Heininger
    Universitäts Kinderspital beider Basel, CH 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Handb Exp Pharmacol 205:317-37. 2011
  9. ncbi [Influenza in children--an epidemiological problem]
    U Heininger
    Pädiatrische Infektiologie und Vakzinologie, Universitäts Kinderspital beider Basel UKBB, Basel
    Ther Umsch 64:643-7. 2007
  10. ncbi Prevalence of nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in children a multicenter cross-sectional study
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Children s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 26:544-6. 2007

Detail Information

Publications59

  1. ncbi A risk-benefit analysis of vaccination
    Ulrich Heininger
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital Basel, P O Box, CH 4005, Basel, Switzerland
    Vaccine 27:G9-G12. 2009
    ..Therefore, continuous evaluation of risks and benefits of vaccines is required and results of these need to be communicated broadly to strengthen the confidence in immunisation programmes...
  2. ncbi The concept of vaccination failure
    U Heininger
    Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, University Children s Hospital UKBB, PO Box, CH 4031 Basel, Switzerland
    Vaccine 30:1265-8. 2012
    ..Here we propose general definitions for types of vaccination failure. In the future, these should be complemented by specific definitions for specific vaccines as needed depending on public health considerations...
  3. ncbi Human metapneumovirus infections--biannual epidemics and clinical findings in children in the region of Basel, Switzerland
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Children s Hospital UKBB, CH 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Eur J Pediatr 168:1455-60. 2009
    ..RSV epidemics usually follow a reciprocal biannual pattern, leading to annually alternating major RSV and hMPV epidemics...
  4. ncbi Evaluation of the compliance with recommended procedures in newborns exposed to HBsAg-positive mothers: a multicenter collaborative study
    Ulrich Heininger
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 29:248-50. 2010
    ..The purpose of this study was to determine the compliance with official recommendations for prevention of perinatal HBV transmission in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) exposed infants...
  5. ncbi Maternally derived antibodies against Bordetella pertussis antigens pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin in preterm and full term newborns
    Ulrich Heininger
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 28:443-5. 2009
    ..Transfer ratios increased with gestational age of the newborns. Based on these findings, maternal and neonatal immunization strategies should be considered to protect young infants from pertussis...
  6. ncbi Update on pertussis in children
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Children s Hospital UKBB, PO Box, CH 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 8:163-73. 2010
    ..This apparently requires more than immunization of children--that is, expanding routine immunization into adolescence and adulthood...
  7. ncbi Bordetella pertussis and concomitant viral respiratory tract infections are rare in children with cough illness
    Ulrich Heininger
    Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 30:640-4. 2011
    ....
  8. ncbi Preventive medicines: vaccination, prophylaxis of infectious diseases, disinfectants
    Ulrich Heininger
    Universitäts Kinderspital beider Basel, CH 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Handb Exp Pharmacol 205:317-37. 2011
    ....
  9. ncbi [Influenza in children--an epidemiological problem]
    U Heininger
    Pädiatrische Infektiologie und Vakzinologie, Universitäts Kinderspital beider Basel UKBB, Basel
    Ther Umsch 64:643-7. 2007
    ..However, the need for repeated yearly vaccination as well as suboptimal acceptance of influenza immunization amongst physicians and the public are significant hurdles, which would need to be overcome...
  10. ncbi Prevalence of nasal colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in children a multicenter cross-sectional study
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Children s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 26:544-6. 2007
    ..7 years, interquartile range 1.3-10.4 years) and 562 (41.3%) grew S. aureus. Only one isolate was MRSA (0.18%) which encoded mecA and femA genes as well as SCCmec type IV, whereas Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) was absent...
  11. ncbi Long-term safety and effectiveness of lopinavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-1-infected children
    Christoph Rudin
    Division of Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
    Arch Dis Child 95:478-81. 2010
    ..To evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in a population-based cohort of HIV-1-infected children...
  12. ncbi Recent progress in clinical and basic pertussis research
    U Heininger
    University Children s Hospital UKBB, PO Box, 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Eur J Pediatr 160:203-13. 2001
    ..CONCLUSION: The major achievements in the field of pertussis research are reviewed and discussed. They have great impact on the current and future practice of paediatric, adolescent and adult medicine...
  13. ncbi Pertussis: an old disease that is still with us
    U Heininger
    University Children s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
    Curr Opin Infect Dis 14:329-35. 2001
    ..The present review provides an update on recent progress...
  14. ncbi Lemierre syndrome and nosocomial transmission of Fusobacterium necrophorum from patient to physician
    J Bonhoeffer
    Paediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, University Children s Hospital Basel, Switzerland
    Klin Padiatr 222:464-6. 2010
    ..Human-to-human transmission of Fusobacterium necrophorum has not been described before...
  15. ncbi The role of Bordetella infections in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    J Bonhoeffer
    University Children s Hospital Basel, P O Box, CH 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Infection 33:13-7. 2005
    ..Bordetella pertussis, which causes whooping cough, has not been studied in this context. We aimed to assess the role of Bordetella infections in patients with AECB...
  16. ncbi Booster immunization with a hexavalent diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, hepatitis B, inactivated poliovirus vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate combination vaccine in the second year of life: safety, immunogenicity and persistence
    U Heininger
    University Children s Hospital, Division for Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, Basel, Switzerland
    Vaccine 25:1055-63. 2007
    ....
  17. ncbi Built environment, parents' perception, and children's vigorous outdoor play
    Bettina Bringolf-Isler
    Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
    Prev Med 50:251-6. 2010
    ..To evaluate the combined effects and relative importance of socio-cultural factors as well as parents' subjectively perceived and objectively assessed environment on time children spent vigorously playing outdoors...
  18. ncbi Seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus immunoglobulin G antibodies in Swiss adolescents and risk factor analysis for seronegativity
    U Heininger
    University Children s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 20:775-8. 2001
    ..Little is known about the seroprevalence of anti-varicella-zoster virus (VZV) serum antibodies in adolescents in Switzerland as in most other European countries...
  19. ncbi Long-term safety and effectiveness of ritonavir, nelfinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected children
    Christoph Rudin
    Division of Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 27:431-7. 2008
    ..To evaluate the long-term safety and effectiveness of ritonavir, nelfinavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in antiretroviral-experienced, initially protease inhibitor (PI)-naive, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected children...
  20. ncbi Prospective study on central venous line associated bloodstream infections
    Mine Wagner
    University Children s Hospital Basel UKBB, PO Box CH 4005, Basel, Switzerland
    Arch Dis Child 96:827-31. 2011
    ..To prospectively assess the incidence rates and characteristics of central venous line associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) in one institution...
  21. ncbi Compliance with antenatal screening for hepatitis B surface antigen carrier status in pregnant women and consecutive procedures in exposed newborns
    Kirsten Beckers
    Department of Internal Medicine, Spital Zofingen, Zofingen, Switzerland
    Eur J Pediatr 163:654-7. 2004
    ..This will require improved communication between neonatology units and care-providing paediatricians in private practices...
  22. ncbi Adverse events following immunization: perception and evidence
    Jan Bonhoeffer
    University Children s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
    Curr Opin Infect Dis 20:237-46. 2007
    ..The aim of this article is to highlight the evidence on new and ongoing vaccine safety concerns in the light of several vaccines recently licensed and others made available and recommended more widely...
  23. ncbi Clinical findings and unusual epidemiologic characteristics of human metapneumovirus infections in children in the region of Basel, Switzerland
    Gurli Baer
    University Children s Hospital UKBB, P O Box CH 4005, Basel, Switzerland
    Eur J Pediatr 167:63-9. 2008
    ..In conclusion, hMPV leads to endemic and epidemic respiratory disease with features similar to those of RSV and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of upper and lower respiratory tract disease...
  24. ncbi The development of standardized case definitions and guidelines for adverse events following immunization
    Katrin S Kohl
    Vaccine 25:5671-4. 2007
  25. ncbi No temporal association between influenza outbreaks and invasive pneumococcal infections
    Andre Michael Toschke
    Institute for Social Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
    Arch Dis Child 93:218-20. 2008
    ..To assess whether the influenza peak in populations precedes the annual peak for invasive pneumococcal infections (IPI) in winter...
  26. ncbi Vaccinated students with negative enzyme immunoassay results show positive measles virus-specific antibody levels by immunofluorescence and plaque neutralisation tests
    Annedore Tischer
    National Reference Centre Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
    J Clin Virol 38:204-9. 2007
    ..In 2003 and 2004, in contrast to previous years, surprisingly many negative results (33% and 54%, respectively) were observed...
  27. ncbi Metaanalysis of vaccine effectiveness in varicella outbreaks
    Otmar Bayer
    Institute for Social Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ludwig Maximilians University, Heiglhofstr 63, 81377 Munich, Germany
    Vaccine 25:6655-60. 2007
    ..Waning might also be an issue with the newly recommended two dose vaccination schedule. Sustained surveillance for varicella outbreaks in populations with varicella immunization programs therefore is mandatory...
  28. ncbi Three-year surveillance of intussusception in children in Switzerland
    Michael Buettcher
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital Basel, PO Box 4005, Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatrics 120:473-80. 2007
    ..We attempted to obtain baseline data on the incidence of intussusception and its association with gastroenteritis in a cross-sectional observational study in children...
  29. ncbi Assessment of immunization status in hospitalized children followed by counseling of parents and primary care physicians improves vaccination coverage: an interventional study
    Beda Muehleisen
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Basel University Children s Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
    J Pediatr 151:704-6, 706.e1-2. 2007
    ..One month after hospital discharge, significantly more children in the intervention group (27%) than the controls (8%) had received catch-up immunizations (P < .001)...
  30. ncbi [Protection with influenza vaccine from bird flu?]
    Ulrich Heininger
    Universitätskinderspital beider Basel UKBB, Schweiz
    Med Monatsschr Pharm 30:418. 2007
  31. ncbi Attitudes of pediatricians regarding influenza self-immunization: a survey in a Swiss university children's hospital
    Ulrich Heininger
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital Basel, PO Box CH 4005, Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 22:391-4. 2003
    ..To assess the attitude toward influenza immunization of doctors among physicians in our hospital...
  32. ncbi Comparison of the efficacy and safety of live attenuated cold-adapted influenza vaccine, trivalent, with trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine in children and adolescents with asthma
    Douglas M Fleming
    Northfield Health Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 25:860-9. 2006
    ..There was no evidence of a significant increase in adverse pulmonary outcomes for CAIV-T compared with TIV. CAIV-T had a significantly greater relative efficacy of 35% compared with TIV in this high-risk population...
  33. ncbi Early appearance of bactericidal antibodies after polysaccharide challenge of toddlers primed with a group C meningococcal conjugate vaccine: what is its role in the maintenance of protection?
    Theodore F Tsai
    Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Rd, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA
    Clin Vaccine Immunol 13:854-61. 2006
    ..The majority of toddlers previously immunized with MCC and challenged 1 year later with PS antigen mounted protective levels of bactericidal antibody within 2 to 4 days...
  34. ncbi Pertussis immunisation in adolescents and adults--Bordetella pertussis epidemiology should guide vaccination recommendations
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Children s Hospital UKBB, PO Box, CH 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Expert Opin Biol Ther 6:685-97. 2006
    ..pertussis could be eliminated...
  35. ncbi Acceptance and timeliness of standard vaccination in children with chronic neurological deficits in north-western Switzerland
    Bettina Ute Tillmann
    Department of Neuropaediatrics, University Children s Hospital, P O Box, 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Eur J Pediatr 164:320-5. 2005
    ..Therefore, vaccination should be promoted as part of the consultation during a routine appointment with the specialist...
  36. ncbi New pertussis vaccination strategies beyond infancy: recommendations by the global pertussis initiative
    Kevin D Forsyth
    Department of Paediatraics and Child Health, Flinders Medical Center, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
    Clin Infect Dis 39:1802-9. 2004
    ..The Global Pertussis Initiative, an expert scientific forum, was established to address the ongoing problems associated with pertussis disease worldwide...
  37. ncbi Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Swiss children's hospitals
    Kathrin Mühlemann
    University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 25:765-71. 2004
    ..To acquire data on pediatric nosocomial infections (NIs), which are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality and for which data are scarce...
  38. ncbi [Shock behavior state after vaccination in children--should you continue vaccination?]
    Ulrich Heininger
    Abt Pädiatrische Infektiologie, Universitäts Kinderspital beider Basel, Schweiz
    Med Monatsschr Pharm 27:279. 2004
  39. ncbi The Brighton Collaboration-enhancing vaccine safety
    Jan Bonhoeffer
    Division of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, University Children's Hospital, P.O. Box 8, 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Vaccine 22:2046. 2004
  40. ncbi Comparison of pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns of Bordetella pertussis isolates from unvaccinated children with severe or mild pertussis
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Erlangen, Germany
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 23:211-7. 2004
    ..mild illness. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in virulence of circulating B. pertussis strains can be absent or might not correlate with specific PFGE patterns. Other methods should be evaluated to identify differences in virulence...
  41. ncbi An update on the prevention of influenza in children and adolescents
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Children s Hospital UKBB, PO Box, 4005, Basel, Switzerland
    Eur J Pediatr 162:828-36. 2003
    ..Recently, neuraminidase inhibitors with curative and preventive efficacy against influenza virus types A and B have become available. They serve as second line weapons for influenza prophylaxis under specific circumstances...
  42. ncbi The Brighton Collaboration: enhancing comparability of vaccine safety data
    Katrin S Kohl
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Immunization Program, 1600 Clifton Rd, Mailstop E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
    Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 12:335-40. 2003
  43. ncbi Protection against vaccine-preventable diseases in medical students
    Gurli Baer
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Basel, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 22:373-4. 2003
  44. ncbi The Brighton Collaboration: addressing the need for standardized case definitions of adverse events following immunization (AEFI)
    Jan Bonhoeffer
    University Children s Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
    Vaccine 21:298-302. 2002
    ..Comparability requires the availability of standardized case definitions for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) and guidelines for case determination, recording and data presentation...
  45. ncbi Shortage of vaccines: USA, Europe, who next?
    Ulrich Heininger
    Arch Dis Child 87:9. 2002
  46. ncbi Seroprevalence and immunization history of selected vaccine preventable diseases in medical students
    Gurli Baer
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital Basel, P.O. Box 8, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Vaccine 23:2016-20. 2005
    ..In conclusion, the great majority of medical students had immunization gaps. Systematic immunization programmes for medical students should be implemented...
  47. ncbi Prospective surveillance of hospitalisations associated with varicella-zoster virus infections in children and adolescents
    Jan Bonhoeffer
    Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children's Hospital, P.O. Box, 4005, Basel, Switzerland
    Eur J Pediatr 164:366-70. 2005
    ..CONCLUSION: This study describes a sizeable hospitalisation and complication rate of varicella-zoster virus infections and provides a solid basis for future immunisation recommendations in Switzerland...
  48. ncbi Health care-associated rotavirus illness in pediatric inpatients in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland
    Ivo M Foppa
    Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27:633-5. 2006
    ..The effectiveness of vaccination against RV from 2 months of age onward remains to be evaluated...
  49. ncbi Compliance with recommended immunizations in adolescents
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Children s Hospital UKBB, P O Box CH 4005, Basel, Switzerland
    Eur J Pediatr 165:671-6. 2006
    ..The goal of this study was to determine compliance with official standard immunization recommendations in adolescents attending secondary schools in the city of Erlangen, Germany...
  50. ncbi Seroprevalence of Varicella-Zoster virus IgG antibodies in Swiss children during the first 16 months of age
    Ulrich Heininger
    Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Children s Hospital Basel, P O Box CH 4005, Basel, Switzerland
    Vaccine 24:3258-60. 2006
    ..To investigate the persistence of maternal IgG antibodies against Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) in infants and young children...
  51. ncbi Immunization rates and timely administration in pre-school and school-aged children
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Children s Hospital UKBB, P O Box, 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Eur J Pediatr 165:124-9. 2006
    ..This may lead to fatal disease in individuals, epidemics in the community, and threatens national and international targets of disease elimination, such as measles and congenital rubella syndrome...
  52. ncbi Influenza vaccination among healthcare workers in a university children's hospital
    Terhi Tapiainen
    University Children's Hospital, PO Box, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26:855-8. 2005
    ..Active promotion and educational efforts were successful in increasing the immunization rate of physicians but not nurses and other HCWs...
  53. ncbi How do physicians immunize their own children? Differences among pediatricians and nonpediatricians
    Klara M Posfay-Barbe
    Centre for Vaccinology and Neonatal Immunology, Department of Pathology Immunology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
    Pediatrics 116:e623-33. 2005
    ..Physicians are known to exert a direct influence on immunization rates by answering questions and clarifying misconceptions. Yet, it is unknown how they immunize their own children...
  54. ncbi Evaluation of the Brighton Collaboration case definition of acute intussusception during active surveillance
    Terhi Tapiainen
    University Children Hospital, Division of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Post Box, 4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Vaccine 24:1483-7. 2006
    ..In conclusion, the case definition was useful and applicable to assess the background rate of intussusception in the light of potential future rotavirus immunization...
  55. ncbi Fever following immunization
    Terhi Tapiainen
    University Children's Hospital, Postfach, CH-4005 Basel, Switzerland
    Expert Rev Vaccines 4:419-27. 2005
    ..A recent analysis by the Brighton Collaboration has provided a standardized case definition for fever, the use of which should be strongly encouraged...
  56. ncbi Reliability of varicella history in children and adolescents
    Ulrich Heininger
    University Children s Hospital Basel, Switzerland
    Swiss Med Wkly 135:252-5. 2005
    ..Our goal was to determine positive and negative predictive values of varicella history in a prospective cross-sectional study...
  57. ncbi Health burden of pertussis in infants and children
    David P Greenberg
    University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Children s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 24:S39-43. 2005
    ....
  58. ncbi Defining pertussis epidemiology: clinical, microbiologic and serologic perspectives
    James D Cherry
    David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
    Pediatr Infect Dis J 24:S25-34. 2005
    ..In particular, polymerase chain reaction and single serum serology are 2 techniques that should be more widely adopted...
  59. ncbi Comparative phenotypic analysis of the Bordetella parapertussis isolate chosen for genomic sequencing
    Ulrich Heininger
    Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1747, USA
    Infect Immun 70:3777-84. 2002
    ..pertussis (by lack of motility and cytotoxicity to a macrophage-like cell line). These results begin to provide phenotypes that can be related to genetic differences identified in the genomic sequences of bordetellae...