M B Zimmermann

..In the absence of inflammation, a sensitive method to assess iron status is to combine the use of serum ferritin as a measure of iron stores and the serum transferrin receptor as a measure of tissue iron deficiency...

..Thyroglobulin (Tg) may be a valuable indicator of improving thyroid function in children after salt iodization. A recently developed Tg assay for use on dried whole blood spots (DBS) makes sampling practical, even in remote areas...

..30% since 2003. This paper presents an estimate of the prevalence of iodine deficiency in Europe in 2010, based on a systematic review to update the WHO Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) database...

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..Vitamin A (VA) deficiency (VAD) and iodine deficiency (ID) often coexist in children in Africa. VAD may affect thyroid function and the response to iodine prophylaxis...

..Selective plant breeding and genetic engineering are promising new approaches to improve dietary iron nutritional quality...

..Pregnant women are often iron deficient, and iron deficiency has adverse effects on thyroid metabolism. Impaired maternal thyroid function during pregnancy may cause neurodevelopmental delays in the offspring...

..Iodine deficiency in utero impairs fetal growth, but the relationship between iodine deficiency and postnatal growth is less clear...

..Infants may be particularly vulnerable to ID because of their small thyroidal iodine store. In this review, we describe three recent patients (an infant, a child and an adult) who developed ID and thyroid hypofunction during PN...

..Our study objective was to determine if iron fortification reduces blood lead levels in urban, lead-exposed, iron-deficient children in Bangalore, India...

..The dual fortification of salt with iodine and iron may prove to be an effective and sustainable method to accomplish these important goals...

..Although several randomized trials examined the effect of iodine supplementation on cognitive performance in schoolchildren, the results were equivocal...

..Although elemental iron powders are widely used to fortify cereal products, little data exist on their efficacy in humans...

..In Switzerland, because of declining iodine intakes in children and pregnant women, the iodine concentration in table salt was increased from 15 to 20 mg/kg...

..There are few data on the adverse effects of chronic exposure to high iodine intakes, particularly in children...

..Although transferrin receptor (TfR) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) are often used to define iron status in school-age children in developing countries, the diagnostic cutoffs for this age group are uncertain...

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..Therefore, we investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) and iron absorption, iron status and the response to iron fortification in populations from three transition countries (Thailand, Morocco and India)...

..Although more data on the epidemiology of thyroid disorders caused by differences in iodine intake are needed, overall, the relatively small risks of iodine excess are far outweighed by the substantial risks of iodine deficiency...

..Thus, these novel compounds show promise as food fortificants or supplements...

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..Thus, increasing colonic iron could select gut microbiota for humans that are unfavorable to the host...

..Iron absorption in humans is highly variable even after iron status and dietary components that influence iron absorption are controlled for. Inherited factors may help explain this variance...

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..Adults may be less vulnerable because thyroidal iodine stores may be able to support thyroid hormone production for several months. More studies to clarify this issue would be valuable...

..Plasma hepcidin appears to be a major regulator of iron absorption and homeostasis, but there are few data in humans...

..Thus, the study aim was to determine if iodine treatment of children with elevated TSH concentrations due to ID would affect their lipid profile, insulin (C-peptide) levels, and/or subclinical inflammation...

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..Iodine prophylaxis of deficient populations with periodic monitoring is an extremely cost effective approach to reduce the substantial adverse effects of iodine deficiency throughout the life cycle...

..In countries or regions where <90% of households are using iodized salt and the median UI concentration in school-age children is <100 microg/L, the WHO recommends iodine supplementation in pregnancy and infancy...

..To review and summarize the dietary determinants of the metabolic syndrome, subclinical inflammation and dyslipidemia in overweight children...

..Switzerland's iodized salt program has been operating uninterrupted since 1922. Today, control of the iodine deficiency disorders is an integral part of most national nutrition strategies...

..Despite large populations carrying traits for thalassemia in countries implementing universal iron fortification, there are few data on the absorption and utilization of iron in these persons...

..Further research is needed to determine which encapsulation technologies are most effective in ensuring iron bioavailability from encapsulated compounds...

..Because iron deficiency can have adverse effects on thyroid metabolism, iron deficiency may influence the response to supplemental iodine in areas of endemic goiter...

..In areas of mild-to-moderate IDDs, measurement of thyroid volume (Tvol) by ultrasound is preferable to palpation for grading goiter, but interpretation requires reference criteria from iodine-sufficient children...

..These findings suggest that regional distribution of oral iodized oil capsules is indicated to control IDD in vulnerable groups until salt iodization is implemented...

..Improving the micronutrient composition of plant foods may become a sustainable strategy to combat deficiencies in human populations, replacing or complementing other strategies such as food fortification or nutrient supplementation...

..Normalization of the goiter rate probably indicates disappearance of iodine deficiency disorders as a public health problem. However, thyroid size may not return to normal for months or years after correction of iodine deficiency...

..In many developing countries, children are at high risk of both goiter and iron deficiency anemia...

..The study aim was to determine if co-fortification of iodized salt with Fe would improve efficacy of the iodine in goitrous children with a high prevalence of anemia...

..In programs to control iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), sustainability is a major concern. IDD has recently recurred in countries where salt iodization programs have lapsed...

..Our objective was to determine if inter-observer and/or inter-equipment variability contributes to the disagreement in sonographic T(vol) in children reported from iodine-sufficient areas...

..To address these two issues, we compared WHO 1960 and 1994 criteria with thyroid ultrasound for determination of goiter prevalence in areas of mild and severe IDD in Morocco...

..In this group of goitrous children, an oral dose of 200 mg I as Lipiodol (Guerbert, Roissy CdG Cedex, France) was safe and effective for treating goitre and maintaining normal I status for at least 1 year...

..To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Swiss children and to obtain information on weight perceptions and weight control practices in this population...

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..Because iron deficiency may impair thyroid metabolism, the aim of this study was to determine if iron supplementation improves the response to oral iodine in goitrous, iron-deficient anemic children...

..The objective of this review was to examine the iodine status of pregnant women in Europe and the potential need for iodine supplementation...

..In many developing countries, cereal and legume-based diets contain low amounts of bioavailable iron, which may increase the risk of iron deficiency...

..However, these 2 sets of reference criteria differ, and their accuracy in classifying adiposity has not yet been validated in most countries...

..A recent cohort study demonstrated the vulnerability of children in IDD-affected areas to even short-term lapses in iodized salt programs...

..In many developing countries, children are at high risk of goiter, vitamin A deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia...

..This effect could be due to decreased VA-mediated suppression of the pituitary TSHbeta gene. In IDD- and VAD-affected children receiving iodized salt, concurrent VA supplementation improves iodine efficacy...

..Our aim was to estimate the national prevalence of overweight and obesity in Swiss primary schoolchildren and to determine if adiposity is increasing in this age group...

..CONCLUSIONS: Overweight Swiss children as young as 6 y have elevated concentrations of inflammatory markers. Intakes of total fat and antioxidant vitamins are determinants of subclinical inflammation in this age group...

..This approach could serve as a model for countries struggling to maintain dietary iodine intake in the face of shifting dietary habits and changes in the food supply...

..The data suggest that a high prevalence of IDA among children in areas of endemic goiter may reduce the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis...

..Alternatively, obesity-related inflammation may increase hepcidin concentrations and reduce iron availability. Circulating hepcidin levels have not been compared in normal weight vs overweight individuals...

..The objective of this study was to compare iron absorption from ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate in infants, young children and mothers...

..01). NutraFine RS added at double the amount of Fe as FeSO4 was not efficacious in improving Fe status. The newly developed microcapsules were highly efficacious in improving both Fe stores and iodine status...

..CONCLUSIONS: Extruded rice fortified with MGFP has excellent sensory characteristics. Fed in a school lunch meal, it increases iron stores and reduces the prevalence of iron deficiency in Indian children...

..A high prevalence of iron deficiency among children in areas of endemic goiter may reduce the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis...

..Thus, these powders are promising for food fortification and other nutritional applications...

..01). Our findings indicate that iron and folate status appears to be adequate in the majority of pregnant women in Switzerland, and that use of iron and folate supplements may have a positive impact on status...

..Iron deficiency and anemia may impair athletic performance, and iron supplements are commonly consumed by athletes. However, iron overload should be avoided because of the possible long-term adverse health effects...

..In adults, circulating aP2 may link obesity, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome, but there are few data in children. Experimental models support that dietary factors, particularly dietary fat, may be major determinants of phenotype...

..International efforts to control iodine-deficiency disorders are slowing, and reaching the third of the worldwide population that remains deficient poses major challenges...

..The aim of this study therefore was to develop WC and WHtR percentiles from a nationally representative sample of Swiss children...

..Magnesium deficiency is common in type 2 diabetes and may have a negative impact on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance, as well as on the evolution of complications such as retinopathy, thrombosis and hypertension...

..There are few published data on RBP4 levels in overweight children, and most previous studies did not control for vitamin A (VA) status and/or subclinical inflammation...

..Since then, many programmes have been introduced in an attempt to control the problem. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of childhood overweight in Switzerland five years later...

..Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate dietary determinants of IR, BP, resistin, adiponectin, and leptin concentrations, as well as the interrelationship among these variables, in normal and overweight children...

..However, low iron doses have little nutritional effect, unless iron absorption is high...

..In concurrent VAD and ID, VAS, independent of iodine repletion, reduces thyroid hyperstimulation and size, an effect likely mediated through the effects of VA on pituitary TSHbeta gene expression...

..Riboflavin deficiency did not predict Hb and/or anaemia, but did predict iron deficiency among children free of malaria...

..The aim of the study was therefore to compare nutrient intake, dietary patterns and physical activity in overweight and normal weight children in Switzerland...

..The mechanism of these effects is unclear. In vitro and in animal models, vitamin A treatment increases the production of erythropoietin (EPO), a stimulant of erythropoiesis...

..The aim of this study was to compare plasma magnesium concentrations of type 2 diabetics and healthy controls in Switzerland...

..Encapsulation of FePP with hydrogenated palm oil at a capsule:substrate ratio of 60:40 decreased RBV. Particle size reduction increases the RBV of FePP and may make this compound more useful for food fortification...

..Serum thyroglobulin appears to be a sensitive marker of thyroid dysfunction in endemic goiter. However, its value as an indicator of thyroid status in children after the introduction of iodized salt has not been tested...

..Rapid introduction of iodized salt does not provoke significant thyroid autoimmunity in severely iodine-deficient children followed for 1 year...

..Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) affects many young women in sub-Saharan Africa. Its etiology is multifactorial, but the major cause is low dietary iron bioavailability exacerbated by parasitic infections such as malaria...

..Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) may adversely affect thyroid metabolism. The study aim was to investigate the effects of concurrent vitamin A and iodine deficiencies on the thyroid-pituitary axis in rats...

..Moreover, whether changes in leptin predict metabolic improvements during weight loss is uncertain...

..Random serial sampling is widely used in population pharmacokinetic studies and may have advantages compared with conventional fixed time-point evaluation of iron fortification...

..An approach to the calculation of cost using a conservative estimate of the enhancing effects of the innovative technologies discussed in the supplement is given in the final section...

..The etiology of magnesium depletion in diabetes is unclear. Animal studies suggest that diabetes may impair magnesium absorption; however, there are no published data on magnesium absorption in humans with diabetes...

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..Childhood adiposity is associated with smaller LDL particle size, but the dietary predictors of LDL size in overweight children have not been studied...

..Measurement of magnesium (Mg) status is problematic because tissue Mg deficiency can be present without low serum Mg concentrations...

..To fill this gap, iodine fortification of infant formula milk (IFM) and complementary foods (CF) is likely important...

..Iron utilization may have been impaired by the high prevalence of malaria and concurrent nutrient deficiencies...

..In conclusion, nanoparticles of FePO(4) have a solubility and RBV not significantly different from FeSO(4). Reducing poorly soluble Fe compounds to nanoscale may increase their value for human nutrition...

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..Although ferric pyrophosphate is a promising compound for iron fortification of foods, few data are available on the effect of food matrices, processing, and ascorbic acid on its bioavailability...

..05). These data indicate that Fe deficiency sharply reduces TPO activity and suggest that decreased TPO activity contributes to the adverse effects of IDA on thyroid metabolism...

..In areas of subsistence farming in rural Africa, salt is one of the few regularly purchased food items and could be a good fortification vehicle for iodine and iron, provided that a stable yet bioavailable iron fortificant is used...

..We conclude that the automated assay has several potential advantages compared to the manual method, including better precision, less operator dependence, and faster sample through-put...