R F Hurrell

..We concluded that ferritin-iron is efficiently released from the ferritin molecule during cooking and at gastric pH and that it should be absorbed as efficiently as all other nonheme iron in food...

..Iron absorption is decreased and the efficacy of the iron interventions would be expected to be lower in the presence of infections...

..Our results support the hypothesis that the enhancing effect of muscle tissue on iron absorption is mainly protein related but indicate that other factors may also play a role...

....

..It would therefore be timely to develop a range of iron bioavailability factors based not only on diet composition but also on subject characteristics, such as iron status and prevalence of obesity...

..In such situations, other public health measures may be necessary before we can ensure an improvement in iron status...

..There have been no studies in malarious areas...

....

..Phytic acid in cereal-based and legume-based complementary foods inhibits iron absorption. Low iron absorption from cereal porridges contributes to the high prevalence of iron deficiency in infants from developing countries...

..Iron fortification of wheat flour is widely used as a strategy to combat iron deficiency...

..Our findings demonstrate that herb teas, as well as black tea, coffee and coca can be potent inhibitors of Fe absorption. This property should be considered when giving dietary advice in relation to Fe nutrition...

....

..Similarly with soy-based infant formulas, especially if manufactured from low-phytate isolates, ascorbic acid can be used to ensure adequate iron absorption...

..An approach to the calculation of cost using a conservative estimate of the enhancing effects of the innovative technologies discussed in the supplement is given in the final section...

..Alternatively, obesity-related inflammation may increase hepcidin concentrations and reduce iron availability. Circulating hepcidin levels have not been compared in normal weight vs overweight individuals...

..Further studies, however, are required to extend these findings to weaning foods and complete meals...

..The enhancing effect of meat on nonheme iron bioavailability in humans is thought to be due to the release of low-molecular-weight (LMW) iron-binding peptides during digestion...

..The objective of this study was to compare iron absorption from ferrous fumarate and ferrous sulfate in infants, young children and mothers...

..Therefore, we investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) and iron absorption, iron status and the response to iron fortification in populations from three transition countries (Thailand, Morocco and India)...

..Regular consumption of iron-fortified chocolate milk drinks containing added ascorbic acid could have a positive effect on iron nutrition in population groups vulnerable to iron deficiency...

..Infant cereals are commonly fortified with insoluble iron compounds with low relative bioavailability, such as ferric pyrophosphate, because of organoleptic changes that occur after addition of water-soluble iron sources...

....

..The serum transferrin receptor is the most useful single indicator of iron deficiency because it was the only iron-status index unaffected by malaria or inflammation...

..01). Our findings indicate that iron and folate status appears to be adequate in the majority of pregnant women in Switzerland, and that use of iron and folate supplements may have a positive impact on status...

..To evaluate the influence of oxalic acid (OA) on nonhaem iron absorption in humans...

..After adjusting for differences in Fe status, our data indicate that Fe absorption from dephytinised pea protein might be less inhibitory than dephytinised soybean protein as measured in a previous study (Hurrell et al. 1998)...

..Non-water-soluble iron compounds have been reported to be less well absorbed than ferrous sulfate in young children, and concern has been raised about their usefulness as food fortificants...

..Because it is only approximately half as well absorbed as ferrous sulfate, it should be added to provide double the amount of iron...

..To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Swiss children and to obtain information on weight perceptions and weight control practices in this population...

..No information is available on iron bioavailability from NaFeEDTA or the influence of NaFeEDTA on minerals and trace elements in infants...

..Thus, these powders are promising for food fortification and other nutritional applications...

..01% phytic acid), respectively. Dephytinization of infant cereals containing a relatively low native phytic acid content and high amounts of ascorbic acid is thus unnecessary to ensure adequate bioavailability of iron...

..Corrections of erythrocyte incorporation data based on plasma ferritin or erythrocyte incorporation of Fe from a reference dose were not found to be useful...

..Magnesium deficiency is common in type 2 diabetes and may have a negative impact on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance, as well as on the evolution of complications such as retinopathy, thrombosis and hypertension...

..Iron bioavailability from traditional complementary foods based on cereals and legumes can be expected to be low unless ascorbic acid-rich foods are incorporated into the diet...

..Lowering only one inhibitor will have a modest influence on iron absorption...

..The lack of conclusive data on the effect of retinyl palmitate on Fe absorption indicates the complexity of the interactions between vitamin A status, dietary vitamin A and Fe metabolism...

..The long-term nutritional benefits of dephytinization of complementary foods should be evaluated in young children...

....

..This approach could serve as a model for countries struggling to maintain dietary iodine intake in the face of shifting dietary habits and changes in the food supply...

..Here we present experiments that aim to increase the iron content in rice endosperm and to improve its absorption in the human intestine by means of genetic engineering...

....

..Measurement of magnesium (Mg) status is problematic because tissue Mg deficiency can be present without low serum Mg concentrations...

..Little is known about the influence of an increased intake of ascorbic acid (AA) on human milk AA output...

..Iron utilization may have been impaired by the high prevalence of malaria and concurrent nutrient deficiencies...

..The mechanism of these effects is unclear. In vitro and in animal models, vitamin A treatment increases the production of erythropoietin (EPO), a stimulant of erythropoiesis...

..In concurrent VAD and ID, VAS, independent of iodine repletion, reduces thyroid hyperstimulation and size, an effect likely mediated through the effects of VA on pituitary TSHbeta gene expression...

..Our study objective was to determine if iron fortification reduces blood lead levels in urban, lead-exposed, iron-deficient children in Bangalore, India...

..CONCLUSIONS: Extruded rice fortified with MGFP has excellent sensory characteristics. Fed in a school lunch meal, it increases iron stores and reduces the prevalence of iron deficiency in Indian children...

..Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) may adversely affect thyroid metabolism. The study aim was to investigate the effects of concurrent vitamin A and iodine deficiencies on the thyroid-pituitary axis in rats...

..In the presence of abundant and varied food supplies, the health consequences of lower iron bioavailability are unclear and require further investigation...

..Despite large populations carrying traits for thalassemia in countries implementing universal iron fortification, there are few data on the absorption and utilization of iron in these persons...

..Ascorbic acid (AA) enhances and tea inhibits iron absorption. It is unclear whether iron status influences the magnitude of this effect...

..Anemia and iron deficiency are significant public health problems in India, particularly among women and children. Recent figures suggest that nearly 50% of young Indian women are anemic...

..Selective plant breeding and genetic engineering are promising new approaches to improve dietary iron nutritional quality...

..Pregnant women are often iron deficient, and iron deficiency has adverse effects on thyroid metabolism. Impaired maternal thyroid function during pregnancy may cause neurodevelopmental delays in the offspring...

..Geometric mean iron absorption from SSM containing NaH (21.2%) or CS (19.4%) did not differ from that of SSM without GAG (19.5 and 20.3%, respectively). NaH and CS at those levels do not affect human nonheme iron absorption...

..In conclusion, nanoparticles of FePO(4) have a solubility and RBV not significantly different from FeSO(4). Reducing poorly soluble Fe compounds to nanoscale may increase their value for human nutrition...

..Riboflavin deficiency did not predict Hb and/or anaemia, but did predict iron deficiency among children free of malaria...

..Although ferric pyrophosphate is a promising compound for iron fortification of foods, few data are available on the effect of food matrices, processing, and ascorbic acid on its bioavailability...

....

..5. At these low levels of phytic acid (20-30 mg/100 g dried product), zinc absorption should be satisfactory...

..The etiology of magnesium depletion in diabetes is unclear. Animal studies suggest that diabetes may impair magnesium absorption; however, there are no published data on magnesium absorption in humans with diabetes...

..Fortifying fish sauce with iron by using a water-soluble, highly bioavailable compound (NaFeEDTA) is a promising strategy for combating iron deficiency anemia in Vietnam...

....

..The aim of this study was to compare plasma magnesium concentrations of type 2 diabetics and healthy controls in Switzerland...

..Normalization of the goiter rate probably indicates disappearance of iodine deficiency disorders as a public health problem. However, thyroid size may not return to normal for months or years after correction of iodine deficiency...

..In many developing countries, children are at high risk of both goiter and iron deficiency anemia...

..Vitamin A and beta-carotene were recently reported to enhance iron absorption by counteracting the inhibitory effect of phytic acid in cereal-based meals and of polyphenol-containing beverages on nonheme-iron absorption in humans...

..The study aim was to determine if co-fortification of iodized salt with Fe would improve efficacy of the iodine in goitrous children with a high prevalence of anemia...

..05). These data indicate that Fe deficiency sharply reduces TPO activity and suggest that decreased TPO activity contributes to the adverse effects of IDA on thyroid metabolism...

..Improving the micronutrient composition of plant foods may become a sustainable strategy to combat deficiencies in human populations, replacing or complementing other strategies such as food fortification or nutrient supplementation...

..Finally, a new and useful additional approach to ensuring adequate iron absorption from cereal based complementary foods is the complete degradation of phytic acid with added phytases or by activating native cereal phytases...

..A high prevalence of iron deficiency among children in areas of endemic goiter may reduce the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis...

..However, it may play a major role in enhancing iron bioavailability from mixed diets that include foods preserved with erythorbic acid...

..The high relative Fe bioavailability of micronised, dispersible ferric pyrophosphate indicates the potential usefulness of this compound for food fortification...

..The choice of technique depends on practical and financial considerations...

..013). We conclude that the higher iron status associated with the consumption of an omnivorous diet is due more to the intake of heme iron than to the enhancing effect on nonheme iron absorption...

..Although elemental iron powders are widely used to fortify cereal products, little data exist on their efficacy in humans...

..We conclude that the automated assay has several potential advantages compared to the manual method, including better precision, less operator dependence, and faster sample through-put...

..Although transferrin receptor (TfR) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) are often used to define iron status in school-age children in developing countries, the diagnostic cutoffs for this age group are uncertain...

..In many developing countries, cereal and legume-based diets contain low amounts of bioavailable iron, which may increase the risk of iron deficiency...

..Decreasing the mean particle size to 6.7 microm did not significantly increase iron absorption from ferric pyrophosphate...

..Encapsulation of FePP with hydrogenated palm oil at a capsule:substrate ratio of 60:40 decreased RBV. Particle size reduction increases the RBV of FePP and may make this compound more useful for food fortification...

..In many developing countries, children are at high risk of goiter, vitamin A deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia...

..In areas of subsistence farming in rural Africa, salt is one of the few regularly purchased food items and could be a good fortification vehicle for iodine and iron, provided that a stable yet bioavailable iron fortificant is used...

..Nonheme-iron absorption requires an acidic milieu. Reduced gastric acid output as a consequence of Helicobacter pylori infection could be an important limiting factor for iron absorption...

..e. not based on an evaluation of added (or removed) oxalic acid, the difference in Mg absorption observed in the present study is attributed to the difference in oxalic acid content between the two vegetables...

....

..Corn masa flour is widely consumed in Central America and is therefore a potentially useful vehicle for iron fortification...

..Six women with low BMD were labeled with 41Ca up to 700 days and treated for 6 mo with risedronate. Effect of treatment on bone could be identified using 41Ca after 4-8 wk in each individual...