U Herwig

..Therefore, we investigated the relationship between LOS and psychopathological syndromes or symptoms at admission as well as other characteristics such as sociodemographic and clinical variables...

..They are known as well to be altered in depression. Disorders of this network may be relevant for psychiatric disorders such as depression...

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..Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been proposed as a new treatment option for depression. Previous studies were performed with low sample sizes in single centres and reported heterogeneous results...

..However, this is required when regarding increasing health costs from the economic perspective...

..Brain activation associated with the 'unknown' expectation was compared with the 'known' expectation conditions...

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..This implies suitability of the sham condition used since subjects appeared not to be able to identify the condition. The results imply the feasibility of a valid sham condition with a "real" coil...

..In order to asses the precision of the 10-20 system for this purpose, we tested its projections onto the underlying cortex by using neuronavigation...

..The contribution of the premotor cortex to storage and rehearsal is discussed as an active top-down storage process within the frontoparietal network...

..In a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled pilot study we investigated the efficacy of neuronavigated rTMS, guided according to the prefrontal metabolic state determined by positron emission tomography (PET)...

..This leads to assumptions of an intuitive contribution, or a "gut-feeling", not necessarily dependent of the subjective emotional valence, when estimating a high risk of environmental hazards...

..Their activity appears to reflect a 'pessimistic' bias by anticipating the events of unknown valence to be unpleasant...

..Future applications of TMS should take individual anatomy into account, and neuronavigation provides the means to do so...

..This short review shall thus provide an overview of the current status of knowledge concerning rTMS in depression and it also provides some recommendations for future research in this field...

..Coil positioning strategy might improve in the future by taking into consideration the individual abnormalities revealed by functional neuroimaging data...

..g., above the premotor cortex). The current method for locating the DLPFC is not precise anatomically and may be improved by navigating procedures taking individual anatomy into account...

..Nevertheless monitoring of auditory functions is strongly recommended in future clinical trials stimulating the auditory cortex, as this has not been done systematically in the past...

..These findings are discussed in the context of current theories of mental rotation, and a likely mechanism for the global excitability increase in the primary motor cortex during mental rotation is proposed...

..The neural correlates of extraversion compared with those of neuroticism and affective measures fit with concepts of different neurobiological bases of the personality dimensions and point at predispositions for affective disorders...

..These findings could have implications for future selection criteria concerning personalized antidepressant medication in depression...

..This leads to distinct suggestions concerning the neural network involved in tic suppression. Similar mechanisms may be involved in tic suppression via mental efforts or active movements...

..We emphasize the importance of controlling side effects of the stimulation as a source of biasing effects in TMS studies...

..The data suggest a parallel and conjoint involvement of prefrontal and parietal areas for the identification of emotionally negative stimuli...

..We conclude that the right dorsal premotor cortex is not directly involved in associating visual with motor cues. We suggest that this area is intimately involved in selection and preparation of forthcoming movements...

..The reuptake-inhibition of norepinephrine, known as an excitatory neuromodulator and neurotransmitter, was postulated to enhance cortical excitability through increased facilitation and reduced inhibition as measured with ppTMS...

..The involvement of the ipsilateral left M1 likely reflects the predominant role of the left M1 in the general control (modification) of simple motor parameters in right-handed subjects...

..It is therefore a precise method for TMS brain mapping studies or for repeated TMS treatments, with the need of topographically exact stimulation...

..rTMS did not lead to a significant reduction of hallucination severity. Conclusively, rTMS has to be regarded critically as a possible novel tool for the treatment of hallucinations...

..Supporting cognitive theories, this finding does represent evidence that altered cognitions as potentially involved in expectation result in differences in brain activity...

..Therefore, it is crucial to know whether the area of a certain function as identified by fMRI corresponds to the area where the TMS should be placed in order to influence this function...

..The potential benefit of rTMS in motor conversion disorder should be evaluated in larger, controlled samples...

..We tested the therapeutic potential of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in a 20-year-old patient suffering from a conversion paralysis of the right arm...

..Taken together, our results demonstrate that fMRI at 3 T can be used effectively to study thalamocortical circuits in the human brain...