Thierry Calandra

..Use of these definitions in clinical trials should help improve the quality of clinical research in this field...

..Analyses of MIF genotypes in patients with sepsis may help to classify patients into risk categories and to identify those patients who may benefit from anti-MIF therapeutic strategies...

..The aim is to maximize chances of reducing morbidity and mortality while minimizing treatment costs, exposure of low-risk patients to adverse events, and emergence of resistant fungal strains...

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..Thus, in contrast to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae weakly stimulates macrophages, potentially compensating for its low replication capacity in macrophages by escaping the innate immune surveillance...

..Liver disease, age, genetic polymorphism of the cytochrome CYP2C19, and comedications influence voriconazole metabolism. Large variations in voriconazole pharmacokinetics may be associated with decreased efficacy or with toxicity...

..Recommended oral voriconazole (VRC) doses are lower than intravenous doses. Because plasma concentrations impact efficacy and safety of therapy, optimizing individual drug exposure may improve these outcomes...

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..The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy and safety of caspofungin for prevention of intra-abdominal IC in high-risk surgical patients...

..coli sepsis when administered in a prophylactic and therapeutic manner up to 13 h after the onset of bacterial sepsis. These experimental data provide strong support for the concept of TLR4-targeted therapy for gram-negative sepsis...

..Thus, these data identify an essential role for HDAC inhibitors in the regulation of the expression of innate immune genes and host defenses against microbial pathogens...

..The aim of the present prospective study was to evaluate the usefulness of monitoring BG in patients undergoing chemotherapy for acute leukemia...

..Together, these data show that MIF is a key mediator of host responses against gram-negative bacteria, acting in part via a modulation of bacterial killing by macrophages...

..Our results suggest that MIF is an integral component of the cytokine storm characteristic of AHI...

..These data indicate that HDACi have a strong impact on critical antimicrobial defense mechanisms in macrophages...

..09 and P=0.09 for MIF production). Taken together, these data suggest that polymorphisms of the MIF gene affecting MIF expression are associated with the occurrence, severity, and outcome of meningococcal disease in children...

..Therefore, intrauterine exposure to estradiol and progesterone may participate in increasing susceptibility to infection during the neonatal period...

..These findings identify an important role for MIF in innate immunity and provide a rationale for the development of anti-MIF strategy for the treatment of patients with Gram-negative septic shock...

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..Given its role in innate immune responses to bacterial infections, MIF is a novel target for therapeutic intervention in patients with septic shock...

..Taken together, these data identify MKP-1 as a molecular target of MIF-glucocorticoid crosstalk and provide a molecular basis for the control of macrophage responses by a pair of physiological regulators of innate immunity...

..Delineation of the host response induced by MVA is critical for improving our understanding of poxvirus antiviral escape mechanisms and for designing new MVA vaccine vectors with improved immunogenicity...

..We aimed at evaluating the utility of monitoring blood procalcitonin (PCT) in FE for initial diagnosis of infection and reassessment in persistent fever...

..Simple HPLC and bioassay methods offer new tools for monitoring voriconazole therapy...

..These include lipid formulations of amphotericin B, new azoles (voriconazole and posaconazole) and echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin)...

..The variety duboisii of Hc was established using DNA sequencing of the polymorphic genomic region OLE. Molecular tools allow diagnosis of histoplasmosis in 24 h, which is drastically shorter than culture procedures...

..Mean intra- and inter-day precision was 7.9 +/- 3.2% and 6.3 +/- 1.8%, respectively. This simple and robust liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method may easily be implemented for monitoring CASPO therapy...

..A high index of suspicion, early diagnosis, and prompt antifungal and surgical treatment seem crucial to efforts to avoid life-threatening arterial rupture and hemorrhage...

..4%. Therefore, the proportion of single-positive TNF-α Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells is a new tool for the rapid diagnosis of active tuberculosis disease...

..001). Candidiasis was diagnosed before neutrophil recovery in 78% and 11% of cases with Mn/anti-Mn and radiology, respectively (P < 0.001). Mn and anti-Mn may be useful for early noninvasive diagnosis of IC...

..The purpose of this review was to evaluate recent publications on the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of invasive fungal infections...

..This review will focus on these recently acquired therapeutic modalities, that are presently available to clinicians for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock...

..Yet, notable differences exist with respect to the elements implicated in gene regulation, which may account for species differences in terms of tissue expression and modulation by microbial and inflammatory stimuli...

..We evaluated the humoral response to the influenza A H1N1/09 vaccine in solid-organ transplant (SOT) recipients, in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and in healthy individuals...

..krusei remained rare (2%). Fluconazole consumption increased significantly (P<.001). Despite increasing high-risk activities, the incidence of candidemia remained unchanged, and no shift to resistant species occurred...

..Given that it is a pivotal regulator of innate immune responses to bacterial infections, MIF appears to be a perfect target for novel therapeutic interventions in patients with severe sepsis...

..Its role in immunity to intracellular pathogens has not been well studied. Here, we show that MIF released by infected human macrophages inhibits the growth of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis...

..In this study, we reviewed the clinical manifestations of infections due to A. defectiva and Granulicatella species that occurred at our institution between 1998 and 2004...

..Thus, MIF could represent an attractive target for PCa therapy...

..Important components of the puzzle have already been identified, but the hunt must go on in the laboratory and at the bedside...

..To provide an update to the original Surviving Sepsis Campaign clinical management guidelines, "Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock," published in 2004...

..However, to minimize the promotion of antimicrobial resistance and cost and to maximize efficacy, detailed knowledge of the likely pathogens and the properties of the available drugs is necessary for the intensivist...

..Amphotericin B deoxycholate is recommended as initial therapy for the empirical therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever with close monitoring of adverse events...

..To discuss the difficulty in using the concept of sepsis for clinical trials and propose new ways for designing future trials for severe infections...

..To study whether genetic variants of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), the MIF -173G>C and CATT(5-8) alleles, are associated with disease severity and levels of circulating MIF in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)...

..1% vs. 51%). CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight differences between management approaches for candidiasis in two groups of specialists, particularly in the reported use of antifungals...

..Therapeutic antagonism of MIF may be an effective approach for steroid-sparing therapies in patients with refractory autoimmune or inflammatory diseases...

..Macrophage migration inhibitory factor cannot be detected in a human endotoxemia model and is not produced by whole blood cells incubated with LPS or meningococci...

..The secretion of MIF by dendritic cells is differentially regulated by TLRs. In addition, TNF-alpha, RANKL, and CD40L augment MIF production by DCs and thus play a potential role in the amplification of the inflammatory loop in RA...

..Its mechanism of action is incompletely understood. Here, we attempt to correlate current knowledge on the molecular pathways of MIF activity with its functions in immunity and disease...

..The first origin of MIF suggests positive, the second negative associations. The aim of this study was to explore the direction of the association of MIF with CAD and of MIF with exhaustion, if any...

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..This is likely to open new perspectives for the development of diagnostic, predictive, and preventive management strategies to combat infectious diseases...

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..The impact of these guidelines will be formally tested and guidelines updated annually, and even more rapidly when some important new knowledge becomes available...

..The impact of these guidelines will be formally tested and guidelines updated annually and even more rapidly as some important new knowledge becomes as available...

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..To provide an update to the original Surviving Sepsis Campaign clinical management guidelines, "Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock," published in 2004...

..In conclusion, HIV infection was associated with elevated serum MIF levels regardless of PTB. Low serum MIF levels were associated with high mortality...

..We sought to evaluate existing approaches and to draw on insights from other disciplines to propose a comprehensive approach to outcome evaluation in sepsis clinical trials...

..Neutropenic patients with cancer may develop several episodes of fever and infection during chemotherapy-induced myeloaplasia...

..Clarity and uniformity in defining these infections are important factors in improving the quality of clinical studies. A standard set of definitions strengthens the consistency and reproducibility of such studies...