Thierry Calandra

..Mannan antigen (Mn) and anti-mannan antibodies (A-Mn) are present in patients with IC. On behalf of the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia, the performance of these tests was analysed and reviewed...

..The exciting results obtained recently with treatment strategies designed to correct coagulation abnormalities occurring during sepsis are an example of how research may ultimately translate into improved patient care...

..Given that it is a pivotal regulator of innate immune responses to bacterial infections, MIF appears to be a perfect target for novel therapeutic interventions in patients with severe sepsis...

..Given its role in innate immune responses to bacterial infections, MIF is a novel target for therapeutic intervention in patients with septic shock...

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..These findings identify an important role for MIF in innate immunity and provide a rationale for the development of anti-MIF strategy for the treatment of patients with Gram-negative septic shock...

..Thus, in contrast to Chlamydia pneumoniae, Parachlamydia acanthamoebae weakly stimulates macrophages, potentially compensating for its low replication capacity in macrophages by escaping the innate immune surveillance...

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..Thus, these data identify an essential role for HDAC inhibitors in the regulation of the expression of innate immune genes and host defenses against microbial pathogens...

..Our results suggest that MIF is an integral component of the cytokine storm characteristic of AHI...

..Therefore, intrauterine exposure to estradiol and progesterone may participate in increasing susceptibility to infection during the neonatal period...

..Analyses of MIF genotypes in patients with sepsis may help to classify patients into risk categories and to identify those patients who may benefit from anti-MIF therapeutic strategies...

..Taken together, these data identify MKP-1 as a molecular target of MIF-glucocorticoid crosstalk and provide a molecular basis for the control of macrophage responses by a pair of physiological regulators of innate immunity...

..09 and P=0.09 for MIF production). Taken together, these data suggest that polymorphisms of the MIF gene affecting MIF expression are associated with the occurrence, severity, and outcome of meningococcal disease in children...

..This review will focus on these recently acquired therapeutic modalities, that are presently available to clinicians for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock...

..The purpose of this review was to evaluate recent publications on the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of invasive fungal infections...

..Its role in immunity to intracellular pathogens has not been well studied. Here, we show that MIF released by infected human macrophages inhibits the growth of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis...

..The aim is to maximize chances of reducing morbidity and mortality while minimizing treatment costs, exposure of low-risk patients to adverse events, and emergence of resistant fungal strains...

..krusei remained rare (2%). Fluconazole consumption increased significantly (P<.001). Despite increasing high-risk activities, the incidence of candidemia remained unchanged, and no shift to resistant species occurred...

..Yet, notable differences exist with respect to the elements implicated in gene regulation, which may account for species differences in terms of tissue expression and modulation by microbial and inflammatory stimuli...

..Use of these definitions in clinical trials should help improve the quality of clinical research in this field...

..Liver disease, age, genetic polymorphism of the cytochrome CYP2C19, and comedications influence voriconazole metabolism. Large variations in voriconazole pharmacokinetics may be associated with decreased efficacy or with toxicity...

..The aim of the present prospective study was to evaluate the usefulness of monitoring BG in patients undergoing chemotherapy for acute leukemia...

..Simple HPLC and bioassay methods offer new tools for monitoring voriconazole therapy...

..A high index of suspicion, early diagnosis, and prompt antifungal and surgical treatment seem crucial to efforts to avoid life-threatening arterial rupture and hemorrhage...

..Recommended oral voriconazole (VRC) doses are lower than intravenous doses. Because plasma concentrations impact efficacy and safety of therapy, optimizing individual drug exposure may improve these outcomes...

..4%. Therefore, the proportion of single-positive TNF-α Mtb-specific CD4+ T cells is a new tool for the rapid diagnosis of active tuberculosis disease...

..Delineation of the host response induced by MVA is critical for improving our understanding of poxvirus antiviral escape mechanisms and for designing new MVA vaccine vectors with improved immunogenicity...

..We aimed at evaluating the utility of monitoring blood procalcitonin (PCT) in FE for initial diagnosis of infection and reassessment in persistent fever...

..001). Candidiasis was diagnosed before neutrophil recovery in 78% and 11% of cases with Mn/anti-Mn and radiology, respectively (P < 0.001). Mn and anti-Mn may be useful for early noninvasive diagnosis of IC...

..In this study, we reviewed the clinical manifestations of infections due to A. defectiva and Granulicatella species that occurred at our institution between 1998 and 2004...

..Mean intra- and inter-day precision was 7.9 +/- 3.2% and 6.3 +/- 1.8%, respectively. This simple and robust liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method may easily be implemented for monitoring CASPO therapy...

..The variety duboisii of Hc was established using DNA sequencing of the polymorphic genomic region OLE. Molecular tools allow diagnosis of histoplasmosis in 24 h, which is drastically shorter than culture procedures...

..To provide an update to the original Surviving Sepsis Campaign clinical management guidelines, "Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines for Management of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock," published in 2004...

..Amphotericin B deoxycholate is recommended as initial therapy for the empirical therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever with close monitoring of adverse events...

..However, to minimize the promotion of antimicrobial resistance and cost and to maximize efficacy, detailed knowledge of the likely pathogens and the properties of the available drugs is necessary for the intensivist...

..1% vs. 51%). CONCLUSIONS: These data highlight differences between management approaches for candidiasis in two groups of specialists, particularly in the reported use of antifungals...

..To study whether genetic variants of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), the MIF -173G>C and CATT(5-8) alleles, are associated with disease severity and levels of circulating MIF in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)...

..Macrophage migration inhibitory factor cannot be detected in a human endotoxemia model and is not produced by whole blood cells incubated with LPS or meningococci...

..Therapeutic antagonism of MIF may be an effective approach for steroid-sparing therapies in patients with refractory autoimmune or inflammatory diseases...

..To discuss the difficulty in using the concept of sepsis for clinical trials and propose new ways for designing future trials for severe infections...

..Its mechanism of action is incompletely understood. Here, we attempt to correlate current knowledge on the molecular pathways of MIF activity with its functions in immunity and disease...

..These include lipid formulations of amphotericin B, new azoles (voriconazole and posaconazole) and echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin)...

..Neutropenic patients with cancer may develop several episodes of fever and infection during chemotherapy-induced myeloaplasia...

..Clarity and uniformity in defining these infections are important factors in improving the quality of clinical studies. A standard set of definitions strengthens the consistency and reproducibility of such studies...

..The first origin of MIF suggests positive, the second negative associations. The aim of this study was to explore the direction of the association of MIF with CAD and of MIF with exhaustion, if any...

..The impact of these guidelines will be formally tested and guidelines updated annually and even more rapidly as some important new knowledge becomes as available...

..The impact of these guidelines will be formally tested and guidelines updated annually, and even more rapidly when some important new knowledge becomes available...

..The secretion of MIF by dendritic cells is differentially regulated by TLRs. In addition, TNF-alpha, RANKL, and CD40L augment MIF production by DCs and thus play a potential role in the amplification of the inflammatory loop in RA...

..In conclusion, HIV infection was associated with elevated serum MIF levels regardless of PTB. Low serum MIF levels were associated with high mortality...

..We sought to evaluate existing approaches and to draw on insights from other disciplines to propose a comprehensive approach to outcome evaluation in sepsis clinical trials...

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..This is likely to open new perspectives for the development of diagnostic, predictive, and preventive management strategies to combat infectious diseases...

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..To provide an update to the original Surviving Sepsis Campaign clinical management guidelines, "Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock," published in 2004...

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