Research Topics
| Elisabet Stener-VictorinSummaryCountry: Sweden Publications
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Publications
Acupuncture with manual and low frequency electrical stimulation as experienced by women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a qualitative studyAnnika Billhult
Research and Development Unit of the County Södra Älvsborg, Sven Eriksonsplatsen 4, 503 38 Borås, Sweden
BMC Complement Altern Med 12:32. 2012..The purpose of the present study was to describe the experience of acupuncture for women diagnosed with PCOS...
Knowledge about complementary, alternative and integrative medicine (CAM) among registered health care providers in Swedish surgical care: a national survey among university hospitalsKristofer Bjerså
Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
BMC Complement Altern Med 12:42. 2012..However the current situation in Sweden is unknown. The aim of this study was therefore to explore perceived knowledge about CAM among registered healthcare professions in surgical departments at Swedish university hospitals...
Effects of acupuncture and exercise on insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue characteristics, and markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: secondary analyses of a randomized controlled trialElisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Fertil Steril 97:501-8. 2012....
Acupuncture in polycystic ovary syndrome: current experimental and clinical evidenceE Stener-Victorin
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden
J Neuroendocrinol 20:290-8. 2008....
Low-frequency electroacupuncture and physical exercise decrease high muscle sympathetic nerve activity in polycystic ovary syndromeElisabet Stener-Victorin
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Univ of Gothenburg, Box 434, SE 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 297:R387-95. 2009..Thus, treatment with low-frequency EA or physical exercise with the aim to reduce MSNA may be of importance for women with PCOS...
Use of acupuncture in female infertility and a summary of recent acupuncture studies related to embryo transferElisabet Stener-Victorin
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiolopgy, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Sweden
Acupunct Med 24:157-63. 2006..But the use of different study protocols makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions. It seems, however, that acupuncture has a positive effect and no adverse effects on pregnancy outcome...
Are there any sensitive and specific sex steroid markers for polycystic ovary syndrome?Elisabet Stener-Victorin
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 434, 40530 Goteborg, Sweden
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:810-9. 2010..The combination of elevated estrone (>50 pg/ml) and free testosterone (>3.3 pg/ml) appeared to discriminate with high sensitivity and specificity between women with and without PCOS...
Effects and mechanisms of acupuncture in the reproductive systemElisabet Stener-Victorin
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Sweden
Auton Neurosci 157:46-51. 2010..Randomized clinical trials are warranted to further evaluate the clinical effects of acupuncture in reproductive disorders...
Coagulation and fibrinolytic disturbances in women with polycystic ovary syndromeLouise Mannerås-Holm
Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, SahlgrenskaAcademy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:1068-76. 2011..Studies of fibrinolysis/coagulation status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are contradictory...
Intense electroacupuncture normalizes insulin sensitivity, increases muscle GLUT4 content, and improves lipid profile in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndromeJulia Johansson
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299:E551-9. 2010..Thus, in rats with DHT-induced PCOS, low-frequency EA has systemic and local effects involving intracellular signaling pathways in muscle that may, at least in part, account for the marked improved insulin sensitivity...
Acupuncture and exercise restore adipose tissue expression of sympathetic markers and improve ovarian morphology in rats with dihydrotestosterone-induced PCOSLouise Mannerås
Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 296:R1124-31. 2009....
Adipose tissue has aberrant morphology and function in PCOS: enlarged adipocytes and low serum adiponectin, but not circulating sex steroids, are strongly associated with insulin resistanceLouise Mannerås-Holm
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:E304-11. 2011..Comprehensive characterization of the adipose tissue in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), over a wide range of body mass indices (BMIs), is lacking. Mechanisms behind insulin resistance in PCOS are unclear...
A single early postnatal estradiol injection affects morphology and gene expression of the ovary and parametrial adipose tissue in adult female ratsCamilla Alexanderson
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 122:82-90. 2010..These findings suggest that early postnatal estradiol exposure of female rats result in long-lasting effects on the ovary and parametrial adipose tissue at adult age...
Distinct expression pattern of Dicer1 correlates with ovarian-derived steroid hormone receptor expression in human Fallopian tubes during ovulation and the midsecretory phaseRuijin Shao
Department of Physiology Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:E869-77. 2011..Tissue-specific dicer1 knockout mice display severe, irreversible Fallopian tube damage and disrupted tubal transport. It is not known how Dicer1 affects human Fallopian tube function...
Postnatal testosterone exposure results in insulin resistance, enlarged mesenteric adipocytes, and an atherogenic lipid profile in adult female rats: comparisons with estradiol and dihydrotestosteroneCamilla Alexanderson
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Box 434, 405 30, Goteborg, Sweden
Endocrinology 148:5369-76. 2007..Thus, insults such as sex hormone exposure in early life may have long-lasting effects, thereby creating a predisposition to disturbances in insulin sensitivity, adipose tissue, and lipid profile in adulthood...
Effects of androgen and leptin on behavioral and cellular responses in female ratsYi Feng
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Horm Behav 60:427-38. 2011..Elucidating mechanisms by which androgens modulate female anxiety-like behavior may uncover useful approaches for treating women with PCOS who have symptoms of anxiety...
Electrical and manual acupuncture stimulation affect oestrous cyclicity and neuroendocrine function in an 5α-dihydrotestosterone-induced rat polycystic ovary syndrome modelYi Feng
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
Exp Physiol 97:651-62. 2012..The effects of low-frequency EA may be mediated by central opioid receptors, while manual stimulation may involve regulation of steroid hormone/peptide receptors...
Continuous administration of a P450 aromatase inhibitor induces polycystic ovary syndrome with a metabolic and endocrine phenotype in female rats at adult ageManuel Maliqueo
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Box 434, SE 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden
Endocrinology 154:434-45. 2013..Thus, continuous administration of letrozole, 200 μg/d, to female rats for 90 d starting before puberty results in a PCOS model with reproductive and metabolic features of the syndrome...
Low-frequency electro-acupuncture and physical exercise improve metabolic disturbances and modulate gene expression in adipose tissue in rats with dihydrotestosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndromeLouise Mannerås
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Endocrinology 149:3559-68. 2008..In contrast to exercise, EA improves insulin sensitivity and modulates adipose tissue gene expression without influencing adipose tissue mass and cellularity...
Effect of electro-acupuncture on ovarian expression of alpha (1)- and beta (2)-adrenoceptors, and p75 neurotrophin receptors in rats with steroid-induced polycystic ovariesLuigi Manni
Cardiovascular Institute and Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, SE 413 45 Goteborg, Sweden
Reprod Biol Endocrinol 3:21. 2005..Low-frequency (2 Hz) electro-acupuncture (EA) has been shown to modulate sympathetic markers as well as ovarian blood flow as a reflex response via the ovarian sympathetic nerves, in rats with EV-induced PCO...
Effect of electro-acupuncture stimulation of different frequencies and intensities on ovarian blood flow in anaesthetized rats with steroid-induced polycystic ovariesElisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Box 432, SE 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden
Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2:16. 2004..The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether electro-acupuncture (EA) of different frequencies and intensities can improve the OBF of anaesthetized rat in the animal model of PCO...
Electro-acupuncture as a peroperative analgesic method and its effects on implantation rate and neuropeptide Y concentrations in follicular fluidElisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Goteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
Hum Reprod 18:1454-60. 2003..Neuropeptide Y (NPY) concentrations in follicular fluid (FF) were analysed when possible...
Spatiotemporal expression of androgen receptors in the female rat brain during the oestrous cycle and the impact of exogenous androgen administration: a comparison with gonadally intact malesYi Feng
Department of Physiology Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Mol Cell Endocrinol 321:161-74. 2010..As a whole, the present study provides the first step toward understanding the dynamics of AR expression and regulation in the brain during normal physiological conditions and for differences in neuronal androgen effects based on sex...
Maternal androgen excess reduces placental and fetal weights, increases placental steroidogenesis, and leads to long-term health effects in their female offspringMiao Sun
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 303:E1373-85. 2012..We demonstrate for the first time that prenatal testosterone exposure alters placental steroidogenesis and leads to dysregulation of lipid metabolism in their adult female offspring...
Rats with steroid-induced polycystic ovaries develop hypertension and increased sympathetic nervous system activityElisabet Stener-Victorin
Cardiovascular Institute, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, SE 413 45 Goteborg, Sweden
Reprod Biol Endocrinol 3:44. 2005..Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder associated with ovulatory dysfunction, abdominal obesity, hyperandrogenism, hypertension, and insulin resistance...
Stromal cell-specific apoptotic and antiestrogenic mechanisms may explain uterine defects in humans after clomiphene citrate therapyMagdalena Nutu
Department of Physiology Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Am J Obstet Gynecol 203:65.e1-65.e10. 2010..The purpose of this study was to investigate clomiphene citrate (CC)-induced modulation of uterine cell function in vivo...
A new highly reliable instrument for the assessment of pre- and postoperative gynecological painElisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goteborg University, SE 413 45 Goteborg, Sweden
Anesth Analg 95:151-7, table of contents. 2002..Our results show that this method is highly reliable, is well tolerated by the patients, is reported to be easy to use, and may be useful when evaluating acute pre- and postoperative pain...
Ovarian blood flow responses to electroacupuncture stimulation depend on estrous cycle and on site and frequency of stimulation in anesthetized ratsElisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Box 432, SE 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden
J Appl Physiol 101:84-91. 2006..Furthermore, the OBF response to segmental abdominal EA stimulation was frequency dependent and amplified in the estrous phase...
Electro-acupuncture versus conventional analgesia: a comparison of pain levels during oocyte aspiration and patients' experiences of well-being after surgeryAnn Louise Gejervall
Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for the Health of Women and Children, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg University, SE 413 45 Goteborg, Sweden
Hum Reprod 20:728-35. 2005..Further aims were to compare time for mobilization, and costs for time and drug consumption...
Is polycystic ovary syndrome associated with high sympathetic nerve activity and size at birth?Yrsa Bergmann Sverrisdottir
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Dept of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg Univ, Box 432, SE 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294:E576-81. 2008..The increased MSNA in PCOS may contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk and etiology of the condition. In this study, PCOS was not related to size at birth...
From mice to women and back again: Causalities and clues for Chlamydia-induced tubal ectopic pregnancyRuijin Shao
Department of Physiology Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Electronic address
Fertil Steril 98:1175-85. 2012....
Revealing the hidden mechanisms of smoke-induced fallopian tubal implantationRuijin Shao
Department of Physiology Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Biol Reprod 86:131. 2012..Because cigarette/tobacco smoke adversely affects the success of intrauterine implantation, there is a great need to determine how embryo implantation occurs in the fallopian tube in female smokers of reproductive age...
Early postnatal oestradiol exposure causes insulin resistance and signs of inflammation in circulation and skeletal muscleCamilla Alexanderson
Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden
J Endocrinol 201:49-58. 2009..We suggest that early neonatal oestrogen exposure may reduce insulin sensitivity by inducing chronic, low-grade systemic and skeletal muscle inflammation and disturbances of glucose and lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle in adulthood...
Effect of anti-NGF on ovarian expression of alpha1- and beta2-adrenoceptors, TrkA, p75NTR, and tyrosine hydroxylase in rats with steroid-induced polycystic ovariesLuigi Manni
Cardiovascular Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Sweden
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290:R826-35. 2006..The results indicate that the NGF/NGF receptor system plays a role in the pathogenesis of EV-induced PCO in rats...
Alternative treatments in reproductive medicine: much ado about nothing. Acupuncture-a method of treatment in reproductive medicine: lack of evidence of an effect does not equal evidence of the lack of an effectElisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Goteborg University, SE 413 45 Goteborg, Sweden
Hum Reprod 17:1942-6. 2002..We are well aware that there are few well-designed papers on the effectiveness of different treatments in this field. However, we need to adhere to these principles, as we hope, do the readers of the present debate article...
Uterine morphology and peristalsis in women with polycystic ovary syndromeHenrik Leonhardt
Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Acta Radiol 53:1195-201. 2012..Uterine peristalsis, which has been suggested to be of importance for female fertility, has not previously been studied in PCOS...
Electrical vs manual acupuncture stimulation in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome: different effects on muscle and fat tissue insulin signalingJulia Johansson
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
PLoS ONE 8:e54357. 2013..The underlying mechanism of the differential effects of the intermittent manual and the continuous electrical stimulation remains to be elucidated...
Subjective well-being in patients with chronic tension-type headache: effect of acupuncture, physical training, and relaxation trainingElisabeth I Söderberg
Departments of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation Physiotherapy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
Clin J Pain 27:448-56. 2011..In some individuals episodic tension-type headache transforms into chronic tension-type headache (CTTH). Subjective symptoms related to the central nervous system might affect patients subjective well-being and quality of life...
Effect of alfentanil dosage during oocyte retrieval on fertilization and embryo qualityAnn Louise Gejervall
Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, SE 413 45 Goteborg, Sweden
Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 150:66-71. 2010..This study examines whether alfentanil dosage adversely affects fertilization and/or embryo quality...
Impact of electro-acupuncture and physical exercise on hyperandrogenism and oligo/amenorrhea in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trialElizabeth Jedel
Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 300:E37-45. 2011..Low-frequency EA was superior to physical exercise and may be useful for treating hyperandrogenism and oligo/amenorrhea...
Hypothalamic neuroendocrine functions in rats with dihydrotestosterone-induced polycystic ovary syndrome: effects of low-frequency electro-acupunctureYi Feng
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
PLoS ONE 4:e6638. 2009..Repeated low-frequency EA normalized estrous cyclicity and restored GnRH and AR protein expression. These results may help explain the beneficial neuroendocrine effects of low-frequency EA in women with PCOS...
A new rat model exhibiting both ovarian and metabolic characteristics of polycystic ovary syndromeLouise Mannerås
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Box 434, SE 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden
Endocrinology 148:3781-91. 2007..We conclude that the letrozole model is suitable for studies of the ovarian features of human PCOS, while the DHT model is suitable for studies of both ovarian and metabolic features of the syndrome...
The pain-relieving effect of electro-acupuncture and conventional medical analgesic methods during oocyte retrieval: a systematic review of randomized controlled trialsElisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Institute of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Box 455, SE 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden
Hum Reprod 20:339-49. 2005..The secondary objective was to determine pregnancy rates, when possible...
Comparison between electro-acupuncture and hydrotherapy, both in combination with patient education and patient education alone, on the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of the hipElisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden
Clin J Pain 20:179-85. 2004..The aim of the study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) and hydrotherapy, both in combination with patient education or with patient education alone, in the treatment of osteoarthritis in the hip...
Comparison of impact on mood, health, and daily living experiences of primary caregivers of walking and non-walking children with cerebral palsy and provided community services supportLena E Svedberg
Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden
Eur J Paediatr Neurol 14:239-46. 2010..To improve health and to provide good community services support for the entire family, regular follow-up and evaluation of the child's treatment and family support are important...
Comparison of the PainMatcher and the Visual Analogue Scale for assessment of labour pain following administered pain relief treatmentIngrid H E Bergh
Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Goteborg, Sweden
Midwifery 27:e134-9. 2011..The aim of this study was to compare the PainMatcher (PM) with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for the assessment of labour pain and the effect of pain relief treatment...
Ovarian blood flow responses to electro-acupuncture stimulation at different frequencies and intensities in anaesthetized ratsElisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Physiology, Institute for the Health of Women and Children, Goteborg University, Box 432, SE 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden
Auton Neurosci 108:50-6. 2003....
Pre-ovarian block versus paracervical block for oocyte retrievalAnna Cerne
Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg, Sweden
Hum Reprod 21:2916-21. 2006..The aim of this study was to test whether analgesia with POB resulted in improved pain relief compared to paracervical block (PCB)...
Skin temperature in the extremities of healthy and neurologically impaired childrenLena E Svedberg
Institute of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, P O Box 455, SE 405 30 Goteborg, Sweden
Eur J Paediatr Neurol 9:347-54. 2005....
Perceptual matching for assessment of itch; reliability and responsiveness analyzed by a rank-invariant statistical methodElisabet Stener-Victorin
Institute of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden
J Invest Dermatol 121:1301-5. 2003..The method is stable and can be recommended as an assessment tool for itch intensity both in experimental conditions as well as in patients with skin disease and itch...
Ovarian expression of alpha (1)- and beta (2)-adrenoceptors and p75 neurotrophin receptors in rats with steroid-induced polycystic ovariesLuigi Manni
Cardiovascular Institute and Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University, Goteborg SE 413 45, Sweden
Auton Neurosci 118:79-87. 2005..Overall, our findings suggest that therapeutical approaches aimed at down-regulating the sympathetic tone to the ovary could be useful in the prevention and clinical treatment of PCOS...
Steroid-induced polycystic ovaries in rats: effect of electro-acupuncture on concentrations of endothelin-1 and nerve growth factor (NGF), and expression of NGF mRNA in the ovaries, the adrenal glands, and the central nervous systemElisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Göteborg University SE 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
Reprod Biol Endocrinol 1:33. 2003....
Immunity and beta-endorphin concentrations in hypothalamus and plasma in rats with steroid-induced polycystic ovaries: effect of low-frequency electroacupunctureElisabet Stener-Victorin
Department of Physiology, Götenborg University, Götenborg, Germany
Biol Reprod 70:329-33. 2004..In conclusion, these findings show that both the beta-endorphinergic and the immune system are significantly impaired in rats with steroid-induced PCO and that repeated EA treatments can restore some of these disturbances...
Pain relief during oocyte retrieval--exploring the role of different frequencies of electro-acupuncturePeter Humaidan
The Fertility Clinic, Viborg Hospital, Skive, DK 7800 Skive, Denmark
Reprod Biomed Online 13:120-5. 2006..Contrary to previous reports on acute and chronic pain, the analgesic effect of the mixed frequency and the fixed frequency was similar when used for short duration electro-acupuncture...
