Alicja Wolk

..The evidence on the association between fish consumption, dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids, and risk of type 2 diabetes is inconsistent. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available prospective evidence...

..The epidemiological evidence that fatty fish consumption may be associated with the lower risk of several cancers is not consistent and no studies of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) exist...

..The aim of this study was to examine how total antioxidant capacity of diet and antioxidant-containing foods were associated with incident myocardial infarction among middle-aged and elderly women...

..We examined the association between folate intake and risk of pancreatic cancer in a population-based prospective study of Swedish women and men...

..Our results suggest that dietary fiber intake from fruit and cereal may play a role in reducing breast cancer risk...

..The effect of alcohol intake on risk of NHL is unclear. We therefore conducted a population-based case-control study to examine the association between alcohol and NHL risk...

..However, prospective studies of calcium intake in relation to breast cancer incidence are sparse...

..Many women use multivitamins in the belief that these supplements will prevent chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. However, whether the use of multivitamins affects the risk of breast cancer is unclear...

..The observed positive associations with alcohol for ER+PR+ and ER+PR- tumors cannot be explained by estrogen-dependent pathway only. Further studies need to clarify the biological mechanisms...

..Whether fruit and vegetable consumption may confer protection from gastric cancer remains controversial...

..The association between consumption of cruciferous vegetables and pancreatic cancer risk warrants further investigation...

..No associations were observed for ER+/PR+ or ER-/PR- breast tumors. These findings suggest that a high carbohydrate intake and diets with high glycemic index and glycemic load may increase the risk of developing ER+/PR- breast cancer...

..These findings for Swedish women do not support the hypothesis that dietary acrylamide is positively associated with risk of breast cancer, at least not within the ranges of acrylamide consumed by this population...

..However, few epidemiologic studies have specifically evaluated high-fat dairy food consumption, and none have evaluated CLA intake, in relation to colorectal cancer risk...

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..In separate analyses, dietary and urinary cadmium underestimated the association with bone effects...

..We examined the association between dietary TAC and stroke incidence in cardiovascular disease (CVD)-free women and in women with CVD history at baseline...

..73). Overall, these results suggest a role for dietary cadmium in postmenopausal breast cancer development...

..The associations did not differ by sex or smoking status. In conclusion, findings from this prospective study suggest that fruit and vegetable intakes are not likely to be appreciably associated with the risk of bladder cancer...

..95; and 0.72; 95% CI, 0.42-1.22, respectively, P = 0.08 by Wald test); the association was clearer among women < or = 65 y (P = 0.02 by Wald test). Our data suggest an inverse association between Drinker pattern and the risk of RCC...

..Findings from epidemiologic studies of the effect of dairy foods (mainly milk) on the risk of bladder cancer have been inconsistent...

..Interventions to reduce body weight and increase physical activity may have important implications in terms of prevention of endometrial cancer and future management of diabetic subjects...

..Limited data are available on the benefit of combining healthy dietary and lifestyle behaviors in the prevention of myocardial infarction (MI) in women...

..These findings suggest that dietary alpha-carotene and beta-carotene are inversely associated with the risk of breast cancer among smokers and among women who do not use dietary supplements...

..71-1.31) for colon cancer and 0.91 (95% CI 0.62-1.34) for rectal cancer. In conclusion, this study provides no evidence that dietary acrylamide in amounts typically consumed by Swedish men is associated with risk of colorectal cancer...

..Dairy foods may play a role in the regulation of body weight...

..99 (95% CI, 1.17-7.67) for glycemic load. Results from this cohort study suggest that a high carbohydrate intake and a high glycemic load may increase the risk of endometrial cancer among overweight women with low physical activity...

..However, findings from epidemiologic studies on CLA intake in relation to breast cancer risk are sparse and inconsistent...

..68; 95% CI 0.48-0.96). No association was observed for work/occupational activity. These results support a role of physical activity in reducing the risk of colon and rectal cancer...

..Epidemiologic studies of fish consumption in relation to risk of stroke have yielded inconsistent results...

..We aimed to assess the relationship between dietary cadmium intake assessed by analyses of duplicate food portions and cadmium concentrations in urine and blood, taking the toxicokinetics of cadmium into consideration...

..Recent epidemiologic studies have generally reported a modest inverse association between calcium intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. However, findings pertaining to specific subsites in the colorectum have been conflicting...

..This population-based, prospective study of men with relatively high intakes of dietary calcium and magnesium showed that intake of calcium above that recommended daily may reduce all-cause mortality...

..5 servings/wk) compared with women with the lowest (virtually none) was 0.88 (95% confidence interval = 0.60-1.29, P for trend = 0.15). When type of fish was examined separately, the association was similar for fatty and lean fish...

..We examined the association between dietary folate intake and the risk of breast cancer by estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status of the breast tumor in the Swedish Mammography Cohort...

..82 (CI 95%:1.45-2.29)). Our results support the hypothesis that excess endogenous estrogen due to obesity contributes to an increased risk of ER+ PR+ postmenopausal breast cancer...

..lowest tertile, adjusted relative risk = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.24, 3.35). These findings suggest that potassium and magnesium intakes are inversely associated with the risk of cerebral infarction among hypertensive women...

..To investigate the association between metabolic syndrome and some of its components with the incidence of cataract extraction...

..The relation between body weight and breast cancer risk is critically dependent on the tumor's ER/PR status and the woman's menopausal status. Body weight control is the effective strategy for preventing ER+PR+ tumors after menopause...

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..78). No association was found for prostate cancer. We conclude that age is an important effect modifier of cancer risk associated with obesity and that obesity and overweight in young adult life may affect cancer risk also later in life...

..8-1.3; P-value for trend, 0.72). Total fish consumption was inversely associated with risk, although weakly. Our results suggest that the consumption of fatty fish, but not other types of fish, may decrease the risk of endometrial cancer...

..To investigate the association between alcohol consumption and the risk of cataract extraction...

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..Results did not vary by body mass index. The findings from this prospective study do not support the hypothesis that a high carbohydrate intake, a high glycemic index, and a high glycemic load increase the risk of colorectal cancer...

..45 (95% confidence interval 1.03-2.03; P(trend)=0.03). These results do not support an association between red meat intake and overall breast cancer risk but suggest that fried meat intake may increase the risk of ER+/PR- breast cancer...

..To investigate the association between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and the incidence of cataract extraction among postmenopausal women...

..Whether dietary acrylamide intake is associated with the risk of cancer in humans is uncertain. We aimed to assess the relation between dietary acrylamide intake and the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer...

..In conclusion, we cannot exclude that the use of dietary supplements is harmful for smokers. On the other hand, among men with an insufficient diet, the use of supplements might be beneficial in reducing CVD mortality...

..Experimental animal studies have shown adverse effects of high-dose vitamin C supplements on age-related cataract...

..Our findings for this specific population suggest that in longitudinal studies, dietary exposures should be updated after at least 7 y...

..CONCLUSION: A high dietary folate intake may play a role in reducing the risk of ovarian cancer, especially among women who consume alcohol...

..High intakes of dairy products and of the milk sugar lactose have been hypothesized to increase ovarian cancer risk, but prospective data are scarce...

..Case-control studies and one prospective cohort study on folate intake in relation to stomach cancer risk have yielded inconsistent results...

..We prospectively examined the association between meat intake and bladder cancer risk in a population-based cohort study...

..31-0.60). These data indicate that the PAQ used in the SMC is a satisfactory and reproducible measure of current and historical physical activity, for total as well as for different types of activities...

..Findings from this population-based prospective cohort of middle-aged and elderly women did not provide evidence of a positive association between glycemic load, glycemic index and carbohydrate intake with risk of stomach cancer...

..81-1.64). Similarly, no associations were observed for height, weight, body mass index or waist circumference. These findings in men do not support a role for diabetes, height or excess body mass in the aetiology of bladder cancer...

..96; 95% CI = 1.08-3.58). Our findings suggest that high consumption of processed meat may increase the risk of stomach cancer. Dietary nitrosamines might be responsible for the positive association...

..We performed a meta-analysis of prospective and case-control studies to examine folate intake and levels in relation to risk of breast cancer...

..Mounting evidence indicates that vitamin B(6), a coenzyme involved in nearly 100 enzymatic reactions, may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer...

..Frequent consumption of sugar and high-sugar foods may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer by inducing frequent postprandial hyperglycemia, increasing insulin demand, and decreasing insulin sensitivity...

..In conclusion, these findings do not support the hypothesis that dietary acrylamide intake is positively associated with risk of endometrial cancer, at least not within the ranges of acrylamide consumed in this population...

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..Consumption of light beer, wine, and hard liquor was not significantly associated with gastric cancer risk. Our findings suggest that constituents of beer other than alcohol may be associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer...

..We assessed the association between physical activity, and the risk of moderate and severe lower urinary tract symptoms...

..24 (95% CI, 0.95-1.62) for women with (versus without) diabetes. Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer...

..Findings from this study indicate that use of low dose multivitamin supplements may aid in the primary prevention of MI...

..Given the dearth of epidemiological data regarding these cancers and the lack of established biological mechanisms, confirmatory data are needed...

..Vitamin D intake was not clearly associated with risk. In sum, our data suggest that high calcium intake may lower colorectal cancer risk...

..3% among 30-yr-olds 95% CI: -3.0, -1.6; and -2.9% among 50-yr-olds, 95% CI: -3.4, -2.5). CONCLUSION: These negative trends in physical activity observed by age and with time might explain the trends in increasing prevalence of obesity...

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..This prospective study confirmed smoking as a risk factor for cataract, with a dose response for smoking intensity. Smoking cessation predicts reduced risk over time, but a longer period of time is needed with a higher smoking intensity...

..60; 95% CI = 0.30-1.22), in comparison to no consumption. Our results suggested that high consumption of fruits and vegetables might be associated with reduced risk of RCC...

..Further studies are needed to evaluate and verify these mechanisms in humans to gain more understanding of the effects of n-3 fatty acid intake on cancer risk...

..Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been implicated in several chronic diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis...

..Diet could influence NHL risk by modulating the immune system, although evidence is limited. We did a population-based case-control study to determine whether differences in diet were associated with NHL risk...

..66; 95% CI, 0.41-1.07) and rectal cancer (RR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.22-0.89). CONCLUSION: This population-based prospective study suggests that a high magnesium intake may reduce the occurrence of colorectal cancer in women...

..7%) was observed between saliva DNA and WGA DNA. In conclusion, Oragene saliva DNA in this study collected from men is of high quality and can be used as an alternative to blood DNA in molecular epidemiologic studies...

..22; 95% CI = 1.05-1.42). These prospective data suggest that coffee consumption may increase the risk of stomach cancer in a dose-response manner. This finding needs to be confirmed in other prospective studies...

..95; 95% CI, 0.76-1.20; n = 3 studies). These findings indicate that excess body weight is associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, especially of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma...

..04). These findings suggest that high consumption of red meat may substantially increase the risk of distal colon cancer. Future investigations on red meat and colorectal cancer risk should consider cancer subsites separately...

..The relationship between processed meat consumption and the risk of stomach cancer is controversial. We conducted a meta-analysis to summarize available evidence from cohort and case-control studies on this issue...

..However, epidemiologic studies of vitamin A, retinol (preformed vitamin A), and provitamin A carotenoids in relation to the risk of gastric cancer have documented inconsistent results...

..The results of this meta-analysis of prospective studies support the hypothesis that high consumption of red meat and of processed meat is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer...

..Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) provides an assessment of antioxidant activity and synergistic interactions of redox molecules in foods and plasma...

..20-0.97) for poultry. There were no significant associations with processed meat, fish or egg consumption. Findings from this prospective study suggest that substituting poultry for red meat might reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer...

..On the other hand, the use of iron supplements appeared to increase the risk (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 0.9-3.3, P for trend = 0.03). The findings are discussed with respect to previous studies and the possible underlying mechanisms...

..Studies in animals have suggested that calcium may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. However, results from epidemiologic studies of intake of calcium or dairy foods and colorectal cancer risk have been inconclusive...

..Our objective was to evaluate the risk of breast cancer associated with meat and dairy food consumption and to assess whether non-dietary risk factors modify the relation...

..However, findings related to specific alcoholic beverages or different anatomic sites in the large bowel have been inconsistent...

..We investigated whether the total dietary antioxidant potential of fruit and vegetables is an appropriate means of estimating the antioxidant impact on gastric cancer risk in a large population-based study...

..The findings of the present study in a northern European population of young women indicate that closer adherence to a Mediterranean dietary pattern reduces mortality even among young persons...

..Our data suggest that metabolic, anthropometric, and nutritional factors are important determinants of IGFBP-1 levels in healthy men...

..Contrary to previous case-control studies, the authors concluded that coffee consumption does not increase MI risk. Coffee consumption of >/=5 cups/week was nonsignificantly inversely associated with MI risk among older Swedish women...

..Pattern analysis is helpful in generating hypotheses regarding the role of diet in obesity, and additional research is needed to understand which elements of our patterns are protective or risk factors for weight gain...