Peter Stenvinkel

..Thus, novel treatment strategies are needed in this high-risk patient group...

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..This review makes a case for consideration of screening and better management of hypogonadism in men undergoing dialysis...

..Thus, a randomized controlled trial is needed to test the possibility that restoration of testosterone levels in hypogonadal CKD males may translate into lower prevalence of anemia, better ESA responsiveness and better quality of life...

..Several publications in 2011 addressed how interventions can modify cardiovascular risk factors and improve outcomes...

..Finally, two novel disciplines, proteomics and epigenetics, will be discussed, because these tools may be helpful in the understanding of the discussed vascular risk factors...

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..Elevated CRP in dialysis patients could be evaluated at three different levels: (i) national/regional level; (ii) dialysis unit level; and (iii) individual patient level...

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..2 deltaOD630/min per mg protein) MPO activity compared with 18 who had diabetes and were not taking statins. This cross-sectional study suggests that both diabetes and statin treatment affect MPO activity in prevalent HD patients...

..Until nutritional and pharmacological treatment strategies that increase adiponectin in uremic patients can be advocated nephrologists have an important task to unravel the observed paradoxes...

..Indeed, multiple cytokine DNA polymorphisms may affect the inflammatory state, the clinical phenotype as well as outcome in this patient population...

..DNA methylation is an important cellular mechanism modulating gene expression associated with ageing, inflammation and atherosclerotic processes...

..The production and expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), a bone regulating protein, is regulated by inflammatory cytokines...

..This study investigated serum albumin and its correlation with several markers of nutritional status in incident and prevalent dialysis patients...

..Additionally, we studied associations between endogenous testosterone levels and ESA dose (U/kg/week) in 126 ESA-treated men undergoing haemodialysis (HD)...

..Albuminuria and inflammation predict cardiovascular events. Pentraxin 3, an inflammatory mediator produced by, among others, endothelial cells, may have a role in atherogenesis...

..We tested the usefulness of a simple observer subjective muscle atrophy (MA) grading in relation to morbidity and mortality in ESRD patients...

..We have investigated the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and inflammation, wasting, CVD and mortality in ESRD patients...

..This comparative analysis indicates that of these biomarkers, IL-6 level may be the most reliable predictor of CVD and mortality in patients with ESRD...

..We hypothesized that increased visfatin levels in CKD patients may be involved in the regulation of appetite and nutrient homeostasis...

..We studied circulating AHSG (ELISA) and two common functional AHSG gene polymorphisms (at amino acids Thr248Met (C-T) and Thr256Ser (C-G) using Pyrosequencing) and related these to multiple components of the metabolic syndrome...

..Thus, inflammation may contribute to the reverse association between tHcy level and mortality in patients with CKD starting renal replacement therapy...

..Overweight in ESRD patients, however, is reported to be associated with better survival...

..Although truncal fat is associated with secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, this secretion appears not to have inhibitory effects on epoetin sensitivity in the presence of high leptin levels...

..Reduced soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (sTWEAK) plasma levels have been reported both in patients with subclinical atherosclerosis and CKD...

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..Patients with chronic kidney disease stage 5 have high comorbidity and are prone to inflammation that may contribute to the high cardiovascular mortality risk...

..Such an imbalance may, via effects on the central nervous system and the vasculature, contribute to wasting, atherosclerosis, and insulin resistance--all common features of ESRD...

..Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and its receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of wasting and inflammation...

..Although, S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) levels have been linked to CVD in non-renal populations, such relationship has not been evaluated in CKD...

..Plasma protein pentraxin 3 concentrations are elevated in a wide range of diseased states. However, no study has evaluated protein pentraxin 3 in patients with chronic kidney disease...

..Moreover, uric acid level was associated with calcium/phosphate metabolism, dyslipidemia, and inflammation...

..Thus, since these patients were more anorectic, our results provide a clinical scenario where ghrelin therapies may be particularly useful...

..The present study was undertaken to clarify the impact of the two polymorphisms on lipid parameters and cardiovascular risk in incident dialysis patients...

..Anorexia is common in chronic kidney disease and worsens as the disease progresses. Sex hormones and inflammatory cytokines may be related to feeding behavior...

..Histidine is considered as an antiinflammatory and antioxidant factor. Histidine deficiency may contribute to an impaired nutritional state in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)...

..Malnutrition, hypoalbuminemia, and DM in patients with CRF influence sAA levels, mainly plasma tHcy, which should be considered when evaluating hyperhomocysteinemia as a cardiovascular risk factor...

..Serum levels of 8-oxo-dG, in combination with other inflammatory markers, serve as useful diagnostic tools for identification of patients in risk for inflammatory complications...

..Here, we investigate this putative relationship in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) by using the novel macrophage marker soluble (s)CD163...

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..We explored possible links between chemerin and various clinical, nutritional and biochemical markers as well as its association with 5-year all-cause mortality...

..Inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers are interrelated in ESRD. Inflammatory cell signal pathways, such as NFkappaB, are activated by CML-modification of proteins via RAGE...

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..In this longitudinal cohort study, we investigated the impact of the UCP2 insertion/deletion (ins/del) polymorphism on body composition changes in ESRD patients starting dialysis...

..However, the prevalence of testosterone deficiency in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is not well defined. We hereby explore the prevalence and correlates of clinical testosterone deficiency in a large cohort of ESRD male patients...

..We tested the hypothesis that abdominal fat deposition in HD patients is a risk factor associated with both increased inflammation and protein-energy wasting (PEW), as well as elevated mortality risk...

..However, in this small cohort, the plasma pentosidine content did not predict outcome. Thus, accumulation of plasma pentosidine is unlikely to be an appropriate clinically useful marker to predict mortality in ESRD patients...

..Given the elevated cardiovascular risk of CKD, this study examined links between prolactinemia, vascular derangements, and outcomes...

..In the present study, we evaluated the association between fetuin-A, clinical phenotype, and outcome, as well as the impact of fetuin gene (AHSG) polymorphisms on the protein product and outcome...

..Soluble VEGF receptors (sVEGFR)-1 and -2 are circulating endogenous modulators of VEGF activity. We thus studied the relationship between sVEGFR-1 and -2 and survival in a cohort of prevalent haemodialysis (HD) patients...

..We hypothesized that common confounders, such as protein-energy wasting (PEW) and inflammation could modulate this relationship...

..While chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with dysmetabolism including a marked insulin resistance, the postprandial response has not comprehensively been studied in CKD patients...

..Although RBP is elevated in type 2 diabetics with mild CKD, its role in advanced CKD is not well studied. We hypothesized that altered RBP levels in CKD could be one factor contributing to the uremic insulin resistance...

..Herein, our aim was to evaluate the relation between FGF23 and mortality, including the impact of gender and cardiovascular disease (CVD), in a Swedish cohort of 'incident' dialysis patients...

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..Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), a suggested protein biomarker of oxidative stress, are elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), who also often suffer from hypertriglyceridemia...

..Changes in plasma ghrelin during 12 months of peritoneal dialysis treatment are associated with changes in body composition...

..We evaluated the association of HbA₁(C) with other parameters of glucose homeostasis and tested its association with ESA use and mortality in nondiabetic incident dialysis patients...

..Recent experimental and clinical studies also suggest an intriguing link between fetuin-A, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome...

..The present review briefly discusses the causes of PEM/W, the methods most commonly used to identify the condition, and the new management strategies available...

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..Follistatin mediates muscle growth and bone mineralization. At present, it is unknown whether circulating follistatin levels are altered in chronic kidney disease (CKD) or links to CKD risk factors and outcomes...

..Although plasma levels of adiponectin, a recently discovered anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic adipocytokine, are markedly elevated in ESRD, gene expression of adiponectin (ApM1) has not been analyzed in ESRD patients...

..Whether alterations at this level contribute to the increased mortality observed in patients on dialysis is currently unknown...

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..Thus, persistent, rather than occasional, inflammation is an important predictor of death in HD patients...

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..CONCLUSIONS: In ESRD patients, sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 are independent predictors of all cause and cardiovascular death. The use of ACEI/ARB or CCB was associated with decreased concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules...

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..Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that may have significant anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects. Low adiponectin levels have previously been found in patients with high risk for CVD...

..Understanding the pathophysiology of inflammation in PD is essential for the adoption of adequate strategies to improve both membrane and patient survival...

..Nutritional and pharmacological antioxidant strategies that interfere with chlorinated MPO-associated oxidative stress pathways need to be investigated in the ESRD patient population...

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..Consequently, we need other nutritional markers that can predict outcome. However, males and females differ as regards body composition and it is not known how this may influence the predictive power of different nutritional markers...

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..We hypothesized that altered kidney clearance and/or metabolism of vasoactive peptides occurring during proteinuria could link early diabetic nephropathy to cardio vascular disease (CVD)...

..However, although sex hormones may influence serum levels of inflammatory proteins, gender has not been taken into consideration in previous studies of inflammation and outcome in ESRD patients...

..The predictive power of sIL-6R levels on outcome is also unknown in this patient population...

..We studied the influence of three factors on drug disposition: genetic polymorphism, impaired renal excretion of drug metabolites, and the possible elimination by hemodialysis (HD), using codeine as a model drug...

..Hypogonadism may be an additional treatable risk factor for patients with chronic kidney disease...

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..Based on megestrol acetate interventions and the recent observation that sex may modulate uremic appetite behavior, the potential role of sex hormones in treating chronic kidney disease anorexia needs to be further explored...

..Finally, we briefly explore potential strategies specifically aiming at reducing intraperitoneal and systemic inflammation in PD patients...

..In chronic renal failure (CRF), the prevalence of an acute-phase response has been associated with an increased mortality...

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..The aim of this study was to clarify whether the PPAR-gamma 161C/T and PPAR-gamma2 Pro12Ala single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) influence the inter-individual variance of inflammation and mortality in ESRD patients...

..Renal function is an important factor to take into account in clinical studies relating insulin sensitivity to inflammatory biomarkers in CKD as well as in patients with diabetes mellitus, who often have an impaired renal function...

..In the present study, we investigate the influence of decreasing residual renal function as well as of chronic inflammation on the IGF system to assess its usefulness in this patient group...

..However, no data are available on PTX-3 and its relationship with clinical outcome in prevalent dialysis patients...

..A more thorough characterization of uremic retention solutes with regard to their specific pro- and anti-inflammatory properties is needed...

..Chronic inflammation, which is common in CKD, may promote vascular calcification...