Jon O Lundberg

..In addition, opportunities for nitric oxide-based pharmacological or dietary interventions are highlighted...

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..The latest advances in our understanding of the biochemistry, physiology and therapeutics of nitrate, nitrite and NO were discussed during a recent 2-day meeting at the Nobel Forum, Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm...

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..Finally, there is an intriguing nutritional aspect to this, since the major supply of nitrate and nitrite in our bodies comes from our everyday diet. Here we review recent advances in this exciting area of research...

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..In this sense NO may be regarded as an "aerocrine" hormone that is produced in the nose and sinuses and transported to a distal site of action with every inhalation...

..Moreover, an increasing number of studies suggest a therapeutic potential for nitrate and nitrite in diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertension, renal failure and gastric ulcers...

..A theory is now emerging suggesting nitrate as an active component in vegetables contributing to the beneficial health effects of this food group, including protection against cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes...

..Future studies will reveal if a diet rich in nitrate can offer an additional nutritional approach to preventing and treating peptic ulcer disease...

..Local arginase inhibition during early reperfusion reduces infarct size via a mechanism that is dependent on increased bioavailability of NO...

..The inhibitory effect is likely caused by nitric oxide and possibly other reactive nitrogen oxides formed from acidified nitrite...

..In this article, we present an overview of this field of research with emphasis on relevance in anesthesiology and intensive care...

..These findings may have implications for novel nutrition-based preventive and therapeutic strategies against cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes...

..Bioactivation of dietary nitrate requires intermediate formation of nitrite by oral nitrate-reducing bacteria and then probably further reduction to NO and other bioactive nitrogen oxides in the tissues...

..We conclude that dietary nitrate has profound effects on basal mitochondrial function. These findings may have implications for exercise physiology- and lifestyle-related disorders that involve dysfunctional mitochondria...

..Our findings suggest a role for mammalian nitrate reduction in regulation of nitrite and NO homeostasis...

..Acidified nitrite inside a gas-permeable retention cuff may be useful for restoring gastric NO levels and host defense in critically ill patients...

..We studied intragastric NO levels in healthy controls and in intubated intensive care unit patients before and after supplementation with nitrite...

..The removal of these bacteria with an antibacterial mouthwash will very likely attenuate the NO-dependent biological effects of dietary nitrate...

..The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of a trade-off between aerobic efficiency and power...

..Both rectal nitric oxide (NO) and fecal calprotectin can be measured using non-invasive methods and are emerging as promising inflammatory markers in IBD. In this study the aim was to compare calprotectin and NO levels in IBD patients...

..The levels of nitric oxide are increased in women diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease already after an incubation time of 2 min...

..Treatment with nor-NOHA restores the microvascular function by a mechanism related to increased utilization of arginine by NOS and increased NO availability...

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..Future studies will reveal if this represents a compensatory functional response to uphold nitrite homeostasis in the absence of commensal bacteria...

..The present study investigated whether arginase blockade protects from myocardial IR injury and whether such an effect is coupled to increased NO bioavailability...

..With this new knowledge, nitrate and nitrite should probably be viewed as storage pools for NO rather than inert waste products. Here we discuss novel aspects of nitrite-dependent NO generation in vivo and its role in vascular control...

..Altogether, these results indicate that dietary CLA protects against DSS-induced colitis in a process involving induction of PPARγ and TFF3...

..Altogether, these findings demonstrate that administration of OA-NO(2) attenuates colonic inflammation and improves clinical symptoms in experimental inflammatory bowel disease. This protection involves activation of colonic PPARgamma...

..Here, we discuss what is known about these markers, how they could be used in clinical practice and how they can complement existing techniques used for the diagnosis and monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease...

..These effects are likely mediated through nonenzymatic generation of NO via activation of guanylyl cyclase. This supports a gastroprotective role of salivary nitrate/nitrite...

..Infliximab was launched for the treatment of Crohn's disease (CD) in 1999. We set up a follow-up protocol to meticulously study disease development with repeated infusions of infliximab...

..To examine possible adverse effects on haemostasis from prolonged exposure to inhaled nitric oxide (iNO)...

..The significance of preterm birth and antibiotic therapy for intestinal gas production is not known and was the subject of this study...

..This reduction occurred with a trend toward increased time to exhaustion implying that two separate mechanisms are involved: one that reduces VO(2max) and another that improves the energetic function of the working muscles...

..The generation of NO by some probiotic bacteria can be counteracted by rapid NO consumption by other strains. Future studies will clarify the biological role of the bacteria-derived intestinal NO in health and disease...

..During cycle ergometry nitrate had no effect on SaO(2), FETO(2) or maximum apnea duration. The negative effects of inorganic nitrate during static apnea may be explained by an attenuated diving response...

..Here we discuss the latest advances in our understanding of the roles of nitrate, nitrite, and NO in the modulation of mitochondrial function, with a particular focus on dietary nitrate and exercise...

..The insulinotropic effect of nitrite is cGMP-dependent and involves formation of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species...

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..There are several pathways to further reduce this nitrite to NO. These results challenge the dogma that nitrate is biologically inert and instead suggest that a complete reverse pathway for generation of NO from nitrate exists...

..Future clinical trials will reveal whether this novel approach for the intravesical delivery of an antibacterial gas could be used to prevent catheter-associated infections...

..A new mechanism is revealed by which nitrate can exert effects on muscle function with applications to performance and a potential therapeutic role in conditions with muscle weakness...

..To further evaluate this disease marker, we compared NO in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with those found in patients with active IBD and in healthy control subjects...

..To measure nitric oxide gas directly in the uterus of healthy women and patients with suspected pelvic inflammatory disease...

..Distinctly compartmentalized qualitative and quantitative NO levels in conventional and germ-free rats reflect complex host microbial cross talks, possibly making NO a regulator of the intestinal eco system...

..Moreover, the possibility of using exhaled NO as an indicator of pulmonary endothelial dysfunction merits further studies...

..Our results might also imply that the hypoxia-induced NO pathway contributes to development of progression of pathologies, including promotion of lymphatic metastasis by modulating arterial-lymphatic conduits, in the mammalian system...

..The gastroprotective effect likely involves a higher mucosal blood flow caused by nonenzymatic NO production. These data suggest an important physiological role of nitrate in the diet...

..A recent two-day symposium at the US National Institutes of Health highlighted recent advances in the understanding of nitrite biochemistry, physiology and therapeutics...

..These findings reveal an alternative chemical reaction pathway for dietary nitrate and nitrite with possible impact on gastric physiology and pathophysiology...

..The reduction of nitrite may reveal previously unrecognized physiologic effects of red wine in connection with *NO bioactivity...

..Further studies will reveal whether this methodology will improve the value of exhaled NO analysis in intubated, mechanically ventilated patients with pulmonary disease...