K Hemminki

..However, the risks were independent of the age difference. Data among spouses and siblings consistently point to the importance of heritable factors in familial CRC...

..Cancer risks for physicians were not different from those of their academic colleagues. Some of the increased risks were probably due to lead-time bias, caused by early diagnosis...

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..The data show that the familial PAF of breast cancer among a 0-66-year-old population of daughters was 7% and independent of the morphologic type. If contribution from the paternal side was allowed for, the PAF would be 11%...

..In utero hormonal exposures may be related to the risk of testicular cancer. The protective effects in melanoma may be due to socioeconomic factors...

..Familial risks in patients with breast carcinoma have not been assessed by morphologic types of medically verified cancers. Reliable data on familial risks would help to establish prevention programs and guide clinical decisions...

..We conducted the present study to determine whether breast cancer morphology is genetically determined...

..Because lifestyles are likely to differ more between parents and offspring than between spouses, familial cancer risks between parents and offspring are even more likely to be due to heritable than environmental effects...

..Even though most of the associations are biologically plausible, and vegetables and fruit were an a priori hypothesis, fortuitous results cannot be ruled out in this relatively small study...

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..Birth in Sweden sets the Swedish pattern for cancer incidence, irrespective of the nationality of descent, while entering Sweden in the 20s is already too late to influence the environmentally imprinted program for the cancer destiny...

..Women from Yugoslavia and Turkey had an excess of thyroid tumours. All immigrant groups showed breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers at or below the Swedish level but the differences were no more than 2-fold...

..This is the first time the persistence of defined human DNA damage is demonstrated up to 3 weeks. Long-lasting DNA damage increases the likelihood of mutations...

..Reliable data on familial risks are needed for prevention and clinical decisions...

..We discuss here the approaches in study design and reporting that will reduce the spread of false positive data and optimize scientific progress in the genotyping field...

..The benefits of the organized screening were observed as a further decline in the incidence rates. The unique age-incidence relationships in cervical cancer call for biological explanations...

..The rates were 7.47 for thyroid, 4.69 for testis, and over 2.00 for melanoma, ovary, prostate, skin, endocrine glands and endometrium...

..e., higher familial risk in the gender of low background risk. The high familial ratio, 2.85 (95% CI: 1.35-6.03), was due to thyroid adenocarcinoma, encompassing both papillary and follicular types...

..73). Many of the findings were novel and could be revealed only by applying codes for specific histopathology. These data call for a closer description of familial aggregations and probing for the underlying genetic mechanisms...

..Immigrant populations would appear to be attractive subjects to study etiological factors of cancer at sites where causes remain poorly understood, such as testicular cancer...

..The results from these analysis suggest that familial cluster of cancer at most sites is heritable, caused by dominant effects; for renal cancer recessive effects may be most important...

..Although some of these may feature a true tumour cluster, they need to be confirmed in another setting...

..Yet, it is likely that many brain astrocytoma, meningioma, and mixed families represent yet unknown heritable conditions...

..We wanted to carry out a population-based study on medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in order to quantify familial risks...

..57 for melanoma. The overall weighted population attributable fraction for educational level was 13.8% for men and 16.7% for women, and it was highest, >50%, for stomach cancer in both genders and for cervical and anal cancer in women...

..To study time trends and familial clustering of invasive and in situ squamous cell skin cancers (SCC), with particular reference to sun-exposed and covered sites of the body...

..These results provide evidence that there is an underlying hereditary susceptibility for at least a part of the familial clustering for skin SCC...

..Histopathology and age of onset appear to be important attributes of familial ovarian cancer, suggesting that further gene identification efforts should target a specific histopathology in early-onset patients...

..The overall population-attributable fraction for selected sites was 16.7% for men and 10.9% for women and it was highest, over 50%, for lung cancer in both genders...

..Population-based data on subsequent neoplasms after women are diagnosed with endometrial and ovarian carcinomas are limited, particularly regarding specific histologic tumor types...

..The SIRs of many academic/college-educated groups were two to six times higher than those of farmers, suggesting indirect exposure to asbestos in these groups...

..22 and 5.12, respectively. Within limits of the sample size, no evidence was noted for risk from environmental exposures to asbestos because the risk of farmers and that of urban residents were not different...

..Thus the degree of familial clustering for these cancers remains to be established...

..Melanoma associated with breast, nervous system, and skin cancers, and in situ melanoma possibly also with connective tissue and thyroid tumors and multiple myeloma...

..The data show that the familial PAF of prostate cancer was 20.55%, and breast cancer 10.61%, but for most other sites, it was between 1 and 3%...

..The strong association of pancreatic and lung cancers is puzzling, and it remains unclear to what extent this represents familial sharing of smoking habits...

..Other familial components appear heterogeneous, characterized by incomplete penetrance, recessive mode of inheritance and few associated tumor sites...

..The late-onset component peaked at 40-44 years, and it was twice as prevalent as the early-onset component. Because there was no evidence of familial risks, this is suggested to be a sporadic form of HB...

..Adjustment for a metabolic phenotype or genotype may also increase the precision in the measurement. Mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes may give clues to the etiology of cancer...

..The excess of tonsillar cancer among husbands of women with HPV-associated neoplastic lesions of the cervix supports the a priori hypothesis that HPV may be involved in tonsillar carcinogenesis...

..The familial risks were unaffected in Poisson regression analysis on many possible intervening variables. The data suggest that host factors modulate an individual's response to human papillomavirus infections...

..22 (0.95-1.53). No increased risk of malignancy was observed in wives of affected men excluding any shared environmental effect for PC and female cancers...

..66, 95% CI 1.32-7.17), particularly parathyroid tumors (SIR 4.46, 95% CI 1.41-9.23), were associated with offspring fibrosarcoma, and parental breast cancers with offspring leiomyosarcoma (SIR 2.04, 95% CI 1.08-3.30)...

..Other weaker associations were found to pancreatic, breast, testicular and nervous system cancers and non-Hodgkin lymphomas...

..However, the high familial risk of 3.91 is unlikely without the involvement of heritable factors. The population-attributable proportion of familial esophageal cancer is small...

..We used the nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database to analyze the risk for adult (15-61 years) brain tumors in offspring through parental cancer probands. Additionally, cancer risks were assessed among siblings of brain tumor probands...

..However, whether the findings on rectal and skin cancer are due to HPV or other infections, transient or inherited depressed immune function or other constitutional factors remains to be established...

..The increases in squamous-cell carcinomas at many sites may reflect a new susceptibility syndrome...

..Further studies are needed to assess health risks of PAH exposure in central and eastern Europe...

..Future biomonitoring studies should make an effort to combine many end points, with emphasis on adducts, mutations, and constitutional metabolic factors...

..The molecular genetic explanation may be that rare dominant single genes increase susceptibility at many sites, or that overlapping sets of genes control susceptibility at multiple sites...

..In mothers and daughters, ovarian but not colon cancer was increased in combination with breast cancer...

..The parental diagnostic age also affected offspring's risk of colon, rectal, uterine and ovarian cancers, but young individuals were not at a particular risk. No effect of age was noted for cervical cancer and lymphoma...

..Family histories of in situ cancers deserve clinical attention...

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..8 years younger than mothers whose daughters did not have breast cancer. The present results apply to a relatively young population of daughters (< 54 years of age)...

..The proportion of familial cancers depended on the site, ranging from 11% in prostate to 8.7% in female breast and to well below 1% at many sites...

..The high risk of second cancer after early-onset CRC calls for evaluation of family history and clinical surveillance...

..However, the exon 23 C allele was associated with depressed repair among subjects aged 50 years or older and the result was consistent with both dimers...

..These novel associations suggest shared risk factors for these sites. However, many endocrine tumours are benign and the diagnosis of the first tumour may increase the likelihood of a second diagnosis...

..Carcinoids are rare indolent neuroendocrine tumors, mainly located in bowel, stomach, and lung. Their etiology is virtually unknown although a family history is a minor cause...

..The number of mutations required appears to be less in familial breast cancer compared to sporadic breast cancer. Study designs for gene identification should be revised to accommodate polygenic cancers...

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..The contribution of hereditary factors to the causation of sporadic cancer is unclear. Studies of twins make it possible to estimate the overall contribution of inherited genes to the development of malignant diseases...

..The search for pleiotropic recessive/X-linked susceptibility genes should be well motivated based on our results...

..The high risk of second cancer, even in the absence of family history, would be consistent with a polygenic model of carcinogenesis...

..If detection bias is present, familial risks could be overestimated soon after first diagnosis...

..Familial cancer studies are in the stimulating interphase of the flourishing disciplines of genetics and epidemiology...

..A higher multiple mutation detected rate (33%) was observed in grade 3 CCRCCs than those in grade 1 (22%) and grade 2 (9%) (P=0.04). This is evidence on the association between VHL mutation and extent of nuclear atypia...

..63, 95%CI: 1.08-2.46). As this is the first study about the influence of the polymorphisms in the TGFB1 pathway on CRC progression, further studies in large independent cohorts are warranted...

..Among 182 female cases, significantly elevated SIRs were observed in glass, ceramic, and tile workers. The study identified some known risk occupations and suggested some new ones...

..Population-based data on the familial risk for vascular tumors are largely lacking. Such data are important for clinical counseling and cancer genetics...

..The prevalence of families eligible for BRCA1/2 mutation testing in the population burden of breast cancer was analysed and the aggregation of breast cancer in these families was explored...

..The possibility of an association of Graves' disease (GD) with subsequent cancers raised by certain studies...

..Quantitative data on solid tumors are limited. We focus on survivors of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) because the disease is diagnosed at a wide range of ages and treated uniformly primarily with chemotherapy...

..51 to 23.56). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the familial association of these 2 cancer sites, the high risk of a second primary cancer of the bladder in patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma may reflect a common genetic alteration...

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..The NAT2 slow genotype, in particular when combined with the GSTM1 null genotype, may confer increased susceptibility to adduct formation, gene mutation, and lung cancer when the smoking dose is low...

..Risks for second cancers were increased, particularly at sites where familial risks were found, including carcinoids in the small intestine...

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..These data suggest that common host factors exist among individuals affected with anogenital and upper aerodigestive tract cancers...

..The data suggest that patients with basal cell carcinoma have a reduced capacity to repair UV-induced DNA lesions...

..Our results suggest that the CDKN2A (p16(INK4a) and p14(ARF) ) and p53 genes involved in the two cell cycle pathways are major and independent targets of inactivation in OSCC...

..Further, the results indicate, a role for the 3' UTR polymorphisms in the CDKN2A gene in tumor invasiveness...

..10 (95% CI = 1.04 to 1.17, P = .001). Among the combined subset of 2795 familial breast cancer patients, the respective ORs were 1.27 (95% CI = 1.12 to 1.45, P = .0003) and 1.16 (95% CI = 1.06 to 1.27, P = .001)...

..Testis cancer showed no significant effect and prostate cancer was excluded from analysis because of the small number of cases...

..10-36.8), compared with the genotype TT (XRCC3)/GG (NBS1). The data from this study show overall risk modulation of BCC by variant allele for T241M polymorphism in XRCC3 and gender-specific effect by E185Q polymorphism in NBS1...

..The present data may guide the design of forthcoming gene identification studies and the interpretation of the genome-wide association studies that are about to be published...

..Inherited genetic variants in critical genes can putatively modulate susceptibility to childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)...

..The risks for women with a family history were the highest, but these women accounted for the smallest proportion of the cases, thus resulting in the lowest PAFs...

..As mammography has become widely used, it is important to quantify the risks for contralateral breast cancer in a population with a national access to mammographic screening service...

..The present study aimed at quantifying risks for second malignancies in patients with bone cancers, and risks for second bone cancers after other primary tumors...

..97%. Risks for second lung cancers were increased in men and women after smoking and life style related sites, and after skin cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease...

..However, in the case of chronic styrene exposures the chemically more stable DNA adducts may become important...

..Patients diagnosed with RA have been at an increased risk of many cancers and at a decreased risk of some cancers. We planned to revisit the theme by using a nation-wide population of RA patients...

..Basal cell carcinoma of the skin (BCC) is one of the most common neoplasms in the world. BCC development is associated with environmental factors (especially sun exposure) as well as heritable factors...

..The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between hospitalization for multiple sclerosis (MS) and region, socioeconomic status and occupation...

..16 to 0.87, for overall mortality). These population-level findings suggest heritability of prognosis for bladder and renal cell cancers. Genetic factors likely contribute to the mechanism underlying this observation...

..43) for men and women, respectively. The present study suggests that the development from the first primary lung cancer to the second primary lung cancer may be more strongly affected by genetic factor than the first primary lung cancer...

..The present data suggest that 1.7% of lung cancers up to age 68 years are heritable and probably due to a high-penetrant recessive gene or genes that predispose to tobacco carcinogens...