Goran K Hansson

..Inflammatory markers are already used to monitor the disease process and anti-inflammatory therapy may be useful to control disease activity...

..Intensified inflammatory activation may lead to local proteolysis, plaque rupture, thrombus formation, ischemia and infarction. Novel therapeutic opportunities may emerge from understanding the role of inflammation in atherosclerosis...

..Inflammatory markers are already used to monitor the disease process and anti-inflammatory therapy may be useful to control disease activity...

..This review summarizes our current understanding of the role immunity in atherosclerosis and outlines strategies for antigen-specific prevention of this disease...

..This notion was met with general skepticism but has gained support from experimental and clinical studies. Here we describe some of the early studies that helped developing this concept...

..This review provides an overview of the research field of cellular immunity in atherosclerosis. It emphasises the events and findings involving antigen specific T cells, in particular low-density lipoprotein-specific T cells...

..These findings demonstrate complex roles of immune cell-cell interactions in the regulation of the atherosclerotic process and point to several possible targets in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis...

..The present study was performed to investigate whether Th3 immune effector responses and their inducing cytokine, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) are affected by hypercholesterolemia...

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..Our results suggest that exaggerated T-cell-driven inflammation limits collagen maturation in the atherosclerotic plaque while having little effect on collagen degradation...

..This study aimed to analyze the expression of NGAL in atherosclerotic plaques and myocardial infarction (MI)...

..In conclusion, T-cell activation causes inflammation in adipose tissue but does not lead to insulin resistance in this tissue in the absence of interleukin-6...

..We have previously shown that transfer of CD4+ T cells from apolipoprotein E knockout mice (apoE(-/-)) into immunodeficient apoE(-/-) scid/scid mice accelerates disease...

..Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a massive intimal accumulation of low-density lipoprotein that triggers chronic vascular inflammation with an autoimmune response to low-density lipoprotein components...

..The objective of this study was to develop an atheroprotective vaccine by targeting a peptide of the LDL protein constituent apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) to the nasal mucosa to induce a protective mucosal immune response...

..Inhibition of T cell activation may therefore represent a strategy for antiatherosclerotic therapy...

..As we fill in the molecular details, new potential targets for therapies will doubtless emerge...

..In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest a key role for mediators of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in inflammatory reactions of atherosclerosis and metabolic disease...

..We investigated whether CXCL16 expression is controlled by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-cytokine abundant in atherosclerotic lesions...

..Early activation of both T and B cells was followed by recruitment of T and NKT cells to the aorta and activation of inflammatory genes. These results show that activation of CD1d-restricted NKT cells exacerbates atherosclerosis...

..Our study provides new insights into the cross-talk between thrombosis and adaptive immunity, and indicates that platelets can enhance T-effector cell development...

..14 and P < 0.01, respectively). Inhibition of NOS2 by two different approaches increased neointima formation in a mouse model of mechanical vessel injury, indicating that the NOS2 expressed in the injured vessel wall is beneficial...

..Costimulatory molecules of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily such as CD40/CD40L and OX40/OX40L have been implicated in atherosclerosis...

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..The findings suggest that intraplaque TXA(2) generation may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications in humans...

..The abundant expression of LTA4H and correlation with plaque instability identify LTA4H as a potential target for pharmacological intervention in treatment of human atherosclerosis...

..In addition, the findings support an important role of CTGF signalling in chronic extracellular matrix remodelling in chronic coronary artery disease...

..Nai;ve CD4+ T cells differentiate into interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) producing Th1 effector cells when stimulated by interleukin-18 (IL-18) and IL-12. We wanted to directly test whether the Th1 pathway is proatherogenic...

..Dendritic cells (DCs), which are professional antigen-presenting cells that activate T cells, are present in atherosclerotic lesions but their role for atherosclerosis-related immunity is unclear...

..The method may be developed to identify subjects at very high risk of ischemic events...

..Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a tumor necrosis factor receptor-related cytokine, initially found to inhibit osteoclastogenesis. In the present study we investigated the effect of OPG treatment on atherosclerosis...

..The present study aimed to elucidate the physiological relevance of both LXRs with regard to lipid metabolism and macrophage cholesterol efflux...

..Exposure of atherosclerotic mice to hypoxia leads to myocardial infarction through a two-phase pathway in which acute transient ischemia is followed by thrombin-dependent, irreversible, myocardial ischemia and myocardial cell death...

..These results demonstrate that FOXP3(+) Tregs inhibit atherosclerosis by modulating lipoprotein metabolism...

..The tryptophan metabolite 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA) has been shown to inhibit inflammation in different experimental autoimmune disease models. However, the effect of 3-HAA in atherosclerosis has never been explored...

..We also outline possible future targets for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis...

..To modulate atherosclerosis by combining subcutaneous immunization with heat shock protein 65 (hsp65) in alum adjuvant and anti-CD45RB monoclonal antibodies (mAb)...

..The aim of this study was to determine the role of proinflammatory signaling through the leukotriene (LT) pathway in aortic stenosis...

..In this study, we analyzed the proinflammatory activity of ApoB100 peptides in atherosclerosis...

..In its final section, we propose a model for the role of macrophages in bridging inflammation and atherosclerosis from the perspective of innate immune recognition and activation...

..The increased expression is primarily localized to neutrophils, but also in monocytes. We have identified FABP4 in leucocytes as a potential and easy accessible biomarker of atherosclerosis which could be of future clinical relevance...

..This review provides an overview of our current understanding of how immunomodulation changes the course of atherosclerosis and how vaccination may be used for preventing the disease...

..These findings suggest a link between ALOX15B and atherothrombotic events that merits further investigation...

..Taken together, recent evidence suggests that leukotriene receptors may be a potential target in the treatment of atherosclerosis and in the prevention of restenosis after coronary interventions...

..Genes in close proximity to these risk-SNPs are often thought to be pathogenetically important based on their location alone. However, the actual connections between SNPs and disease mechanisms remain largely unknown...

..Furthermore, we outline future areas of research and potential clinical intervention strategies...

..In this review, we summarize recent experimental studies using immunomodulatory approaches for treatment of atherosclerosis...

..Inhibition of LTB(4)/BLT(1) signaling during the response to vascular injury reduced intimal hyperplasia, suggesting this pathway as a possible target for therapy...

..The sphingolipid analogue drug FTY720 mediates retrafficking of immune cells and inhibits their homing to inflammatory sites. We have evaluated the effect of FTY720 on atherogenesis and lipid metabolism...

..In this review we describe the innate mechanisms present in the plaque. We focus on TLRs, their cross-talk with other PRRs, and how their signalling cascades influence inflammation within the atherosclerotic lesion...

..The study demonstrates a reduction of perlecan mRNA-expression and protein deposition in human atherosclerosis, which in part explains the low levels of heparan sulfate in this disease...

..This review provides an overview of our current understanding of effects and proposed mechanisms of immunization on preventing atherosclerosis...

..Modulation of chemokines and chemokine receptors' expression as well as their signaling pathways may provide important anti-atherogenic strategies...

..Plasma MMP9 antigen was elevated in unstable patients. MMP9 is expressed in the unstable coronary atherosclerotic plaque, as are its transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulators...

..Studies are now under way to develop new therapies based on these concepts of the involvement of the immune system in atherosclerosis...

..Recent studies imply that TLR4 polymorphisms might affect atherogenesis. In this study we investigated the impact of LPS-hypo-responsive TLR4 variants on the risk of myocardial infarction (MI)...

..These results demonstrate that B cell-associated protective immunity develops during atherosclerosis and reduces disease progression...