A Ahlbom

..However, extensive research activities are ongoing and much more data will be available in the near future. This situation of scientific uncertainty and considerable public concern creates dilemmas for decision makers...

..For depressive symptoms the assessment is more complex, but the overall conclusion is nevertheless that the evidence is relatively weak. For other diseases, such as Parkinson's, there is not enough information for an assessment...

..We tested the hypothesis that occupational EMF exposure increases the risk of myocardial infarction in a large population-based case-control study of myocardial infarction, with detailed information on potential confounders...

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..A Bayesian approach to this weighing is discussed along with some alternatives. The Bayesian approach provides a structure for the pooling of evidence and points out where subjective judgments come into play...

..To determine possible independent associations between early SEP (fathers' occupational position and participants' education) and disease, we adjusted for adult SEP and factors present in adult life associated with type 2 diabetes...

..Middle-aged men have often been the subjects of multifactorial studies of myocardial infarction (MI) risk factors. One major objective of the SHEEP study was to compare the effects of different MI risk factors in women and men...

..To test the hypothesis that parental occupational exposure to magnetic fields before conception and during pregnancy increases the risk of cancer in the offspring...

..To analyse differences in myocardial infarction incidence between two Swedish counties and to evaluate the importance of major risk factors for the observed differences...

..We aimed (i) to investigate whether job strain predicts recurrent events after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and if so (ii) to determine behavioural and biological factors that contribute to the explanation of this association...

..Physicians should be aware of the potential cardiovascular implications of epilepsy...

..Our objectives were to study anger as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction (MI) and to explore potential effect modification by usual behavioral patterns related to hostility...

..We investigated associations between abnormal glucose regulation and family history of diabetes, separately and in combination with lifestyle risk factors...

..The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether leisure-time physical activity compensates for the increased risk of acute myocardial infarction associated with overweight and obesity...

..Results indicate that physical activity is associated with a reduced risk of mortality not due to genetic selection. This finding supports a causal link between physical activity and mortality...

..Our objective was to examine fasting glucose and insulin levels in patients surviving 3 months after a first AMI in relation to long-term prognosis...

..Depression is considered a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) in initially CHD-free populations. Subclinical CHD or other somatic causes of depressive symptoms might account for the association, however...

..To put the observed mortality reduction in context, it may be noted that a 40% reduction of mortality rates corresponds to an increase in life expectancy of about 5 years...

..Our results support previous findings of an increased risk of childhood brain tumors and leukemia associated with certain paternal occupational exposures. Some findings in previous studies were not confirmed in this study...

..Further support is obtained indicating that the plasma concentration of von Willebrand factor is also an important risk marker for recurrent MI...

..A case-referent study was conducted to test the hypothesis that exposure to motor vehicle exhaust increases the risk of childhood cancer...

..To investigate sexual activity as a trigger of myocardial infarction and the potential effect modification of physical fitness...

..To estimate the incidence rate of schizophrenia and non-affective psychoses from registers, to highlight the importance of including data from out-patient care, and to assess the proportion of persons treated in out-patient care only...

..Our study shows that family history of coronary heart disease is not only a strong risk factor for myocardial infarction in both sexes, but that its effect is synergistic with other cardiovascular risk factors as well...

..In Cohort III, immune-related discharge diagnoses are also inversely associated with glioma (HR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.14-1.49). There is no strong evidence against (and some for) the hypothesis that allergies reduce glioma risk...

..78). No association was found for prostate cancer. We conclude that age is an important effect modifier of cancer risk associated with obesity and that obesity and overweight in young adult life may affect cancer risk also later in life...

..To assess the long-term effects of chocolate consumption amongst patients with established coronary heart disease...

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..The aim of this study was to investigate whether the MTNR1B gene variant rs10830963 is associated with sleep problems and whether this variant contributes to the association between sleep disturbances and type 2 diabetes...

..To study the association between snus use and the risk for cardiovascular disease, i.e. ischemic heart disease and stroke...

..We found no evidence of an inverse association between either occupational or leisure time physical activity and risk of renal cell cancer in this prospective cohort...

..For slow-growing tumors such as meningioma and acoustic neuroma, as well as for glioma among long-term users, the absence of association reported thus far is less conclusive because the observation period has been too short...

..7 (95% confidence interval: 0.9, 7.5). Hormone usage was not associated with glioma risk in this study. The findings suggest that the use of female sex steroids may increase the risk of meningioma...

..The risk estimate did not increase, regardless of type of phone and amount of use. The authors conclude that the data do not support the hypothesis that mobile phone use is related to an increased risk of parotid gland tumors...

..Previous studies have suggested an excess of brain tumors and hematopoietic system malignancies as well as breast cancers in women...

..The authors therefore set out to analyse previous diagnosis of epilepsy as a risk factor for certain cancer forms in a case control study...

..4 microT had a relative risk estimate of approximately 2, which is unlikely to be due to random variability. The explanation for the elevated risk is unknown, but selection bias may have accounted for some of the increase...

..The vast majority of the participants in these races are not competing on the elite level. It is assumed, however, that they have to undergo regular physical training during a long period of time in order to successfully finish the race...

..Hip fracture patients have a substantially increased risk of death that persists for at least 6 years post-fracture. The relative excess mortality is independent of comorbidity and known hip fracture risk factors...

..However, the intermediate field exposure category (0.1-0.19 microT) showed poor correlation to the 24 hr personal measurements...

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..The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic effects on leisure-time physical activity using data from the Swedish Twin Registry...

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..The data in this study cannot exclude under-diagnosis and, to a lesser degree, under-registration as a partial explanation of the low incidence rates of malignant CNS tumours in children in Costa Rica...

..This technology is constantly changing and there is a need for continued research on this issue. Almost no epidemiologic data are available for static fields...

..This study includes a large number of long-term mobile phone users, and the authors conclude that the data do not support the hypothesis that mobile phone use is related to an increased risk of glioma or meningioma...

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..89%, 95% confidence interval, CI: 3.69, 10.04), or by the simple 'dichotomization'-method (6.88%, 95%CI: 3.81, 9.84). The method is very easy to apply to population-based case-referent studies analyzed by logistic regression...

..Special interest was focused on potential interaction among these aspects of physical activity...

..Several studies have identified occupational exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) as a potential risk factor for neurodegenerative disease, but the evidence is contradictory and inconclusive...

..Radiofrequency exposure from mobile phones is concentrated to the tissue closest to the handset, which includes the auditory nerve. If this type of exposure increases tumor risk, acoustic neuroma would be a potential concern...

..Finally, we show how this output can be used as input in an Excel sheet that is set up to calculate the measures of biological interaction to be used for the assessment...

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..The aim of this study was to assess whether long-term use of Swedish moist snuff (widely used among Swedish men) increases the risk of acute myocardial infarction...

..To evaluate the influence of consumption of filtered and boiled coffee, on the incidence of first nonfatal myocardial infarction...

..In addition, indicators of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function according to homeostasis model assessment were studied in relation to coffee consumption...

..A second aim was to analyse the impact of the volume of earlier alcohol use in abstainers...

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..To investigate whether knowledge of the risks and properties of tobacco among adolescents influences their future use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco in different directions...

..We studied mortality during long-distance ski races in Sweden...

..Means to minimize the risk of brain drain are suggested. The collaboration has been important for the globalization of the research cultures at the participating institutions and has trained international experts...

..Cohort study of subjects with whiplash-associated disorders (WAD)...

..There are few observational studies of school and class risk factors for smoking behavior in preadolescence...

..There is still a lack of follow-up studies of well-characterized patient cohorts assessing the relative importance of these factors...

..The factors of interest were demographic and socioeconomic factors, prior health, and collision factors...

..The question is whether this also implies an increased risk of myocardial infarction, either through the triggering effect of acute stress, or through accumulation of stress over several months...

..To analyse the influences of parental use of cigarettes and snus (the Swedish variety of smokeless tobacco) on offspring's behaviour...

..By using numerically identical examples, we show that adjustment for a common consequence of the exposure and the outcome can lead to as much bias as absence of necessary adjustment for a confounder...

..Finally, we investigated the combination of SOC and demands or SOC and decision latitude in association with the disease...

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..The aim of this study was to investigate if expectations for recovery are a prognostic factor after experiencing a WAD...

..The authors aimed to illustrate the possible magnitude of this potential bias using data from a cross-sectional study on coffee consumption and work stress in relation to type 2 diabetes...

..94). Our findings provide support for the role of folate metabolism in the development of primary brain tumors. In particular, genotypes associated with increased 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate levels are associated with elevated risk...

..We investigated the association between the risk of suicide in persons with epilepsy and clinical factors that might increase or have been suggested to increase the risk of suicide...

..An adverse influence of pregnancy on the risk of death in women with cutaneous melanoma was suggested historically by anecdotal reports. Previous studies included small numbers of women observed for short periods...

..This study was performed to investigate the effect of power frequency magnetic fields...

..12 (95% CI: 1.40, 3.20). The findings of an increased risk of acoustic neuroma with loud noise exposure support previous research...

..This study is novel in suggesting an increased risk of brain tumors when the analysis is restricted to those with a history of cancer in the family. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that these results are due to chance...

..The genetic impact on the causation of osteoporotic fractures is unclear. A large twin study is ideally suited to determine the genetic liability to categories of fracture at various ages...

..To investigate mortality and especially the incidence of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in a population-based cohort of epilepsy surgery patients...

..The occurrence of excess epilepsy > or =8 years before HGG diagnosis suggests a relatively long preclinical phase, but excess diabetes or stroke appear late in HGG development...

..Although some other point estimates were elevated, they lacked statistical significance. The results do not provide evidence of a strong association between occupational exposures and glioma development...

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..These results do not support the hypotheses that nighttime measures are more appropriate; hence, the observed association between ELF EMF and childhood leukemia still lacks a plausible explanation...

..Because there is less previous evidence for a role of NQO1, CYP1A1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 variants, we restricted analysis of these variants to a small preliminary study...

..Parental exposure to pesticides and the risk of leukemia in offspring were examined in a population-based case-control study in Costa Rica...

..The effect of nondifferential misclassification of exposure must be considered a potential cause of the negative findings...

..The present study was conducted to see whether these previous findings could be confirmed and whether shift workers are at elevated risk for cancer at additional sites...

..This effort represents an interesting case study of a scientific inquiry that has been successfully resolved despite numerous methodological difficulties inherent in research on low-level environmental exposures...

..01). Our results provide additional support for the hypothesis that low penetrance variants contribute to the risk of developing glioma and suggest that a genetic variant located in or around the CHAF1A gene contributes to disease risk...

..Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that polymorphisms and haplotypes in p53 and ATM could be associated with glioma and meningioma risk...

..A relationship between risk of meningioma and exposure to ionizing radiation is also well known and led us to examine whether variants in DNA repair genes contribute to disease susceptibility...