D Sur

..The filter with the lowest MSE was considered as the optimal neighborhood. The method is useful in determining the optimal neighborhood for both geographic and population filters...

..The findings increase the understanding of the factors and healthcare-use patterns associated with diarrhoea episodes and may assist in developing public-health messages and infrastructure in Kolkata...

..such as water improvement or vaccination campaigns are implemented for groups of individuals we were interested whether risk factors not only for the individual but for households, neighbourhoods and larger areas can be recognised?..

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..The study suggests that daily intake of a probiotic drink can play a role in prevention of acute diarrhoea in young children in a community setting of a developing country...

..To determine the role of zinc supplementation in reducing diarrhoeal morbidity in children...

..Young children bear the brunt not only of diarrhoeal diseases in general, but of cholera as well. Mass vaccination could be a potentially useful tool to prevent and control seasonal cholera in this community...

..The present study was a part of a diarrhoeal outbreak investigation in Secunderabad, India, during May 2009 where the usefulness of Crystal VC rapid dipstick kit was assessed for detecting the aetiologic agent of the outbreak...

..Incidence of cholera has not been correlated with temperature, relative humidity and rainfall, which may act as favourable factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relational impact of climate changes on cholera...

..Future vaccination strategies should include bivalent vaccines with protection capacities against both ST as well as SPTA...

..To more accurately define the annual incidence of cholera in India, believed to be higher than reported to the World Health Organization (WHO)...

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..Uncertainties about the protective effect of Vi polysaccharide vaccine in children under the age of 5 years and about the vaccine's effect under programmatic conditions have inhibited its use in developing countries...

..Focal interventions to minimise human-vector contact and improved personal hygiene and targeted vaccination campaigns could help to prevent malaria and typhoid fever in this site...

..parvum was detected in 14 (2.3%). The study indicated that poor sanitary conditions may be cofactors for the cryptosporidial disease burden among slum dwellers. The implications of asymptomatic infections have been discussed...

..6 (CI 1.2-6.5) times more likely to be seen by qualified allopathic doctors compared to girls. Persistence of gender disparities calls for effective interventions for correction...

..To evaluate the potential benefit of this pivotal change in WHO policy, we used existing data from cholera outbreaks to simulate the number of cholera cases preventable by reactive mass vaccination...

..The action programmes like intensive counselling and IEC maybe instituted to the groups, which show high prevalence rate rather than general population to make the programme not only cost-effective but cost-efficient as well...

..There is a need for more efficient rapid diagnostic test for typhoid fever especially during the acute stage of the disease. Until then, culture remains the method of choice...

..The appearance of resistance in V. cholerae O139 to furazolidone is a matter of great concern since this drug is used for the treatment of cholera in children and pregnant women...

..The presence of phages in the water samples was an additional indicator for V. cholerae contamination in this community. Occurrences of such outbreaks support vaccination against cholera as an alternative strategy...

..Socio-behavioral research can provide important data for participation in future trials and public health vaccination campaigns...

..CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that zinc supplementation had a beneficial impact on the incidence of diarrhea and also weight gain among LBW infants...

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..We carried out investigation of two cholera outbreaks, for identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, phage typing and molecular characterization of isolated Vibrio cholerae O1, and to suggest prevention and control measures...

..Recalculation based on 80% occupancy rate in inpatient wards (following the recommendation of the World Health Organization) found that the cost of treating children, adults, and all patients was US$ 14.53, 36.44, and 16.11 respectively...

..Therefore, the close monitoring of their global spread as well as in-depth molecular characterization is essential for better understanding of emerging PBV strains...

..Responses to V. cholerae O139 were less pronounced but followed a similar pattern. We demonstrate that in a cholera-endemic area, the vaccine elicited vibriocidal responses after a single-dose of the vaccine...

..This vaccine was reformulated to meet WHO requirements. We assessed the safety and immunogenicity of the reformulated bivalent (Vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139) killed whole cell oral vaccine in a cholera endemic area in Kolkata, India...

..Probiotics may offer a safe intervention in acute infectious diarrhoea to reduce the duration and severity of the illness...

..The extensive genomic variation and the distinct haplotype structure of innate immunity genes observed among individuals have possibly resulted from the impact of natural selection...

..To inform policy-makers about introduction of preventive interventions against typhoid, including vaccination...

..Preliminary results are presented that determined the final planning of the trial before immunization. Important methodological and practical issues regarding vaccine cluster randomized designs are illustrated...

..It is also demonstrated here that apart from economic implications due to direct smoking, the economic loss has been added to smokers' families due to passive smoking...

..01; R2=0.992). Using adults' perception of prevalence of disease as the basis for estimating its incidence in children provides a cost-effective behavioural epidemiologic method to facilitate prevention and control of the disease...

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..Keeping these facts in mind, efforts to develop simple and cost effective diagnostic techniques coupled with affordable therapeutic facilities are urgently needed in developing countries...