A Lucia

..e. the controversial Conconi test, distinction between climbing and time trial ability, etc.) and during actual competitions such as the Tour de France...

..To determine the influence of lactic acidosis, the Bohr effect, and exercise induced hyperkalaemia on the occurrence of the heart rate deflection point (HRDP) in elite (professional) cyclists...

..A significant negative correlation was encountered between DeltaVO(2) and resting hemoglobin levels before the tests (r = 20.61; p < 0.05). In conclusion, professional cyclists exhibit an attenuation of the VO(2) rise above the LT...

..Cycling economy (CE) and gross mechanical efficiency (GE) were calculated during the constant-load tests...

..To compare the total exercise loads (intensity x volume) of the Vuelta a España and Tour de France during the last year...

..The aim of this article is to review the history of the TDF. Special emphasis is placed on the last decade where classic physiology has been integrated into applied scientific cycling data...

..As a result, the total load (volume x intensity) in the three races was comparable...

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..Although field studies are needed to assess the possible implications, in terms of actual racing, of the new system, commonly used indicators of endurance cycling performance do not seem to be improved with the Rotor in trained cyclists...

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..To evaluate the hormonal response to strenuous endurance exercise performed by elite athletes...

..0 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1)) during the course of a complete sports season...

..Resting echocardiographic evaluations showed similar heart dimensions in all of the subjects. In conclusion, HR does not seem to show a curvilinear response (downward deflection) in most aged athletes...

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..To analyse the slow component of oxygen uptake (VO2) in professional cyclists and to determine whether this phenomenon is due to altered neuromuscular activity, as assessed by surface electromyography (EMG)...

..It would also seem that other "technical" requirements of the sport (i. e. pedaling efficiency probably related to biomechanical factors etc.) may be associated with successful time trial performance...

..e., increases in the volume and/or intensity of training throughout the season). These findings suggest that endurance conditioning does not alter the breathing pattern of professional cyclists during an incremental exercise test...

..72 and rr=-0.66, respectively), suggesting, at least partly, and association between thyroid basal function and the VO(2) slow component of euthyroid elite endurance athletes during constant-load intense exercise...

..The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the preferred cycling cadence of professional riders during competition...

..McArdle disease is an uncommon metabolic disorder usually characterized by marked exercise intolerance although great individual variability exists in its phenotypic manifestation...

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..No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in controls. In summary, in world-class cyclists, we only found an association between ACTN3 genotypes and VT and PPO, and between ACTN3/ACE genotype combinations and RCT...

..In contrast, we cannot discard the fact that, overall, elite athletes are endowed with a more "favorable" polygenic profile than the general population...

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..Our data suggest that, in the elderly, the influence of genetic factors on muscle phenotype traits is not reducible to a few single polymorphisms, including ACE and ACTN3 variants...

..2 vs. 9.2+/-0.2) (no mutation vs. C34T mutation, respectively). Although more research is necessary, it seems that the C34T mutation of the AMPD1, at least in heterozygous individuals, does not affect functional capacity in the elderly...

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..00 for jump tests and <1.015 for sprint tests (all P>0.05). In summary, α-actinin-3 deficiency does not negatively influence the ability to generate explosive leg muscle power in a young non-athletic population...

..A favourable genetic endowment, together with exceptional environmental factors (years of altitude living and training in this case), seems to be necessary to attain the highest possible level of running endurance performance...

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..However, their physical condition and health status are sufficiently high to allow them to participate in physical activities and supervised exercise programs...

..The data suggest that, with pre-exercise sucrose administration, such patients may be candidates for systematic reconditioning, which may improve functional capacity and quality of life...

..These preliminary data suggest the potential therapeutic value of this type of exercise in these patients...

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..In summary, children who have received BMT experience physical and overall health benefits after a relatively short-term (8 weeks) supervised exercise training program...

..Most elite endurance athletes take iron supplements during their active sporting life, which could aggravate this condition...

..To determine the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on oxygen uptake (VO(2)) kinetics and delta efficiency (DE) during gradual exercise. The hypothesis was that ES would attenuate the VO(2)-workload relation and improve DE...

..The purpose of this preliminary study was to assess if the presence or absence of alpha actinin 3 influences the deleterious effects of ageing on muscle output and functional capacity...

..5% and 53.7%) and endurance athletes (26.5% and 52%) (p = 0.041). Although there are notable exceptions, elite soccer players tend to have the sprint/power ACTN3 genotype...

..These observations suggest the possible use of a fixed, reference HR of 175 beats x min-1 to determine the exercise intensity corresponding to OBLA in amateur cyclists. This was not the case for the professional cyclists...

..In summary, these findings suggest that the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism does not influence explosive leg muscle power in elite volleyball players...

..A combined (aerobic+strength) 8-week exercise training intervention did not induce major changes in the basal cytokine levels of breast cancer survivors...

..To determine whether consecutive bouts of intense endurance exercise over a three week period alters serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and/or its binding proteins...

..The results also offer new perspectives for realistic applications of ES in various clinical situations and sport training...

..The partial metabolic deficiency of the study subject is possibly compensated for by his exceptionally favourable anthropometric characteristics (body mass index 18.2 kg/m2)...

..Overall, maternal training status did not influence the fetal cardiovascular variables studied...

..Further cardiological follow up might confirm that the VSD causes no pathological effects or any performance detriment in future years...

..05). Supervised exercise training can improve the overall physical fitness of incarcerated people. Our results suggest that this type of intervention could be applied in prisons of Western societies...

..We also studied the association between maternal body weight prior to pregnancy and newborn's birth size...

..Eight of them tested positive in the second sample, whereas only 5 tested positive in the third sample. The immunochemical technique is recommended for fecal occult blood detection in marathoners...

..05). These findings suggest that the ergogenic effect of caffeine in a high-intensity endurance exercise shown in previous research may be partly mediated by a possible attenuation of the VO(2) slow component...

..Some controversy exists over the possibility that exercise during pregnancy might increase the risk of preterm delivery...

..No changes (p > 0.05) were found in the control group over the 12-week period. Exercise training could be included in the overall medical/nursing care protocol for patients with AD...