Amparo Querol

..The polyploid and hybrid nature of the genomes confers robust characteristics such as tolerance to environmental stress to these industrial yeasts and provides a means for adaptive evolution...

..This kind of studies can be very useful for the wine industry to select yeast strains with different glucose/fructose preferences...

..This review describes the phylogenetic relationships among Saccharomyces and Kluyveromyces species and the different mechanisms involved in the adaptive evolution of industrial yeast strains...

..The present study raises new questions about the prevalence of these new hybrids in brewing as well as their contribution to the properties of the final product...

..In this review, we describe the different mechanisms involved in the adaptive evolution of wine yeast strains...

..bayanusxS. cerevisiaexS. kudriavzevii. This is the first time that S. cerevisiaexS. kudriavzevii hybrids have been described which have been involved in wine fermentation...

..The behavior displayed by these hybrids in the fermentations studied in this work leads us to conclude that the use of hybrid strains can constitute an advantage in wine making...

..These results open new perspectives in the construction of new hybrid strains with biotechnological interest, as the characteristics of the parents may result in interesting combinations in the hybrids...

..kudriavzevii type strain, but identical to the alleles previously reported for natural S. cerevisiaexS. kudriavzevii hybrids. These results clearly support the hypothesis of a European origin for these natural hybrids...

..The main advantage for the wineries is that the must sample can be used directly for the PCR reaction obtaining very fast results (in approximately 8 h). This allows the wine industries to intervene quickly if necessary...

..As a result of the selective processes acting during fermentation, hybrid genomes maintained the S. cerevisiae genome but reduced the S. kudriavzevii fraction...

..8S-ITS rDNA failed to differentiate between some Pichia and Candida species that could be distinguished on the basis of the sequence of the 5.8S-ITS rRNA region or the sequence of the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rDNA gene...

..boulardii strain. The association of S. boulardii with cases of fungemia has been reported previously. Nevertheless, this is the first time that a baker's yeast has been isolated from blood...

..These results indicate that spoilage by yeasts such as Z. bailii may be better prevented by use of biocidal cleaning agents in the factory, rather than treating the food with preservatives...

..Some clinical strains showed in vivo and in vitro virulence traits and were able to cause death in mice whereas other clinical strains were avirulent...

..3% and 19.8% of the clinical isolates and there seemed to be a connection between their ability to colonize humans and their ability to cause vaginal infection. The rest of food isolates were not grouped with clinical strains...

..We suggest that this variability may influence biological features of the Slt2 protein, allowing it to adapt swiftly in order to survive in unusual environments...

..cerevisiae × S. kudriavzevii natural hybrids isolated from wine and beer fermentations to infer their evolutionary origins and to figure out the potential role of common S. kudriavzevii gene fraction present in these hybrids...

..In this work, a wine yeast genetic stabilization process was developed and vegetatively stable hybrids were obtained...

..cerevisiae × S. kudriavzevii hybrids most likely originated in wild environments rather than in industrial fermentations...

..The present work improves the database available online at the IATA web page (http://motor.edinfo.es/iata/) with the patterns of 75 species belonging to the genus Candida...

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..8S rRNA pattern different from the rest of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains we propose that they should be included as a single race or variety inside the S. cerevisiae taxon...

..Altogether, these results suggest that it is possible to modulate wine aroma by employing different yeast species in order to create new wines with different aromatic notes...

..However, in the cases of Z. bailii and Z. lentus, electrophoretic karyotyping there was considerable variation...

..These results suggest that the present taxon K. lactis is a complex of different species, subspecies or, at least, genetically structured populations...

..kudriavzevii at low temperatures. We have also confirmed the better fermentation performance of the strains of this species at low temperature, being an appealing alternative to S. cerevisiae for cold fermentations...

..cerevisiae (var. boulardii), were exceptions and based on their physiological traits these yeasts would appear to be related to clinical strains...

..bailii and two strains of Z. rouxii were involved in the spoilage of candied fruits. Moreover, the Z. bailii strain was also present in the spoiled nougat, hence being responsible of this alteration...

..The name Candida cabralensis sp. nov. is proposed, and the isolate 1AD8(T) (=CECT 13027(T) =CBS 11679(T)) is the type strain of this novel taxon...

..Among the 58 strains analysed, six S. pastorianus strains were hybrids, although the fraction of genome coming from each parent varied depending on the strain...

..glabrata and C. albicans, S. cerevisiae was not able to cross the intestinal barrier. We concluded that S. cerevisiae can only perform opportunistic or passive crossings when epithelial barrier integrity is previously compromised...

..While some genes inherited regulation patterns from one of the parents, most of the up-regulated genes presented a new gene expression pattern, probably generated during the hybridization and adaptation process...

..robertsiae, D. udenii and D. vanrijiae showed high sequence similarity in ribosomal regions with one or several species. In these cases, sequence comparison of the ACT1 gene is proposed to ensure unequivocal strain designation...

..The high degree of polymorphism observed shows that intraspecific typing is essential for accurate yeast dissemination studies in wine related environments...

..However, these two species have developed different strategies for cold resistance. S. bayanus var. uvarum presented elevated shikimate pathway activity, while S. kudriavzevii displayed increased NAD(+) synthesis...

..All these data support the hypothesis that the new yeast, named Candida patagonica, is a novel species related to C. bituminiphila. The type strain is UNCOMA 159.5 (= CECT 12029 = CBS 10443)...

..cretensis according to the restriction patterns of the intergenic spacer rRNA gene region and on the basis of some physiological properties that are of ecological relevance...

..cerevisiae killer strains assayed. Red wines with differential volatile profiles and interesting enological features were obtained at laboratory scale by using this selected indigenous strain...

..The combined use of the mtDNA-RFLP analysis together with the killer biotype method proved to be a powerful tool in the fingerprinting of the enological S. cerevisiae strains...

..Therefore, MMf9 selected indigenous strain could be an interesting yeast starter culture in North Patagonian wines...

..This is the first time that a gross chromosomal rearrangement is shown to be involved in the adaptive evolution of Saccharomyces cerevisiae...

..In strain C, there was a clear correlation between resistance to ethanol and acetaldehyde, the high induction of HSP genes by these compounds and its presence as the predominant strain in most levels of several soleras...

..africanus, var. polymorphus), respectively. PCR-RFLP analysis of the IGS region of rDNA is proposed as a clear and reproducible technique for the practical discrimination of species of the yeast genus Debaryomyces...