Roger L Milne

..We aimed to estimate these penetrances for women attending genetic counseling units in Spain...

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..Other studies have evaluated associations for coding variants with intermediate frequency (1-5%), but the results are inconsistent. Larger and/or combined association studies are needed to clarify this issue...

..We attempted to replicate the findings of studies assessing such interactions with the -34T-->C polymorphism...

..Just as for genetic main effects, the replication of positive findings in additional independent series is essential...

..We attempted to confirm this association using the Breast Cancer Association Consortium...

..Whether later age at first birth is also protective for ovarian cancer in mutation carriers requires further confirmation...

..We aimed to further explore this association overall, and by tumor histopathology, in the Breast Cancer Association Consortium...

..The authors have now assessed this association more comprehensively using 16 independent case-control studies...

..In this study, the VDR gene has been evaluated in two epithelial cancers BC and MM...

..Although we have not found any deleterious mutations in the coding region of these genes, data from STR markers confirm 11q13 as a candidate region to contain a breast cancer susceptibility gene...

..4); however, these genes did not show evidence of positive selection. Finally, we found no evidence that the haplotypes formed by SNPs in the 20 genes are associated with breast cancer...

..These results highlight the utility of association studies using homogeneous series of cases for better understanding complex diseases...

..We also found that several variants in the pigmentation genes considered were associated with intermediate phenotypic characteristics. Our findings highlight the potential importance of pigmentation genes in sporadic MM susceptibility...

..In addition we have defined a subset of them that have somatic inactivation of the BRCA1 gene...

..Our results show generally high concordance with HapMap data in allele frequencies and haplotype distributions and confirm the applicability of HapMap SNP data to the study of complex diseases among the Spanish population...

..Finally, we looked for evidence of CCH or any other thyroid disease in a panel of germ-line SDH (B or D) mutation carriers and found none. We conclude that SDHD variants do not constitute a risk factor for developing CCH or sporadic MTC...

..Among other carcinogens, tobacco contains cadmium, a metal previously associated with an increased risk of EPC. This study evaluated the association between concentrations of trace elements in toenails and EPC risk...

..We hypothesized that unaffected sisters may provide a more appropriate comparison group than unrelated population controls...

..Understanding the etiologic heterogeneity of breast cancer may ultimately result in improvements in prevention, early detection, and treatment...

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..94; P-value = 0.007) as was the G variant of N28D, but no association was found for rs11264799/FCRL3_4. Haplotype analysis confirmed these associations with highly consistent effect sizes for haplotypes carrying the C allele of FCRL3_3...

..05 level compared with an estimated 1,343 that would be expected by chance, indicating that many additional common susceptibility alleles may be identifiable by this approach...

..3-6.2; P = 0.005), gave the best fit under parsimony. Although the biological role of the I655V polymorphism is not known, large independent studies of early onset breast cancer are warranted to attempt to replicate this finding...

..Recent oral contraceptive use has been associated with a small increase in breast cancer risk and a substantial decrease in ovarian cancer risk. The effects on risks for women with germ line mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 are unclear...

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..CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that BRCA2 tumors demonstrate more cytoplasmic and less nuclear RAD51 staining, and increased CHEK2 staining. This pattern may distinguish BRCA2 from familial non-BRCA1/2 tumors...

..Understanding the effect of oral contraceptives on risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers is important because oral contraceptive use is a common, modifiable practice...

..A decreased efficiency of DcR2 to work as decoy receptor for TRAIL, would facilitate the apoptotic pathway in cells at risk...

..02-1.13) and 1.16 (95% c.i.: 1.08-1.25), respectively; P(trend) = 2.8 x 10(-5)). These results demonstrate that common breast cancer susceptibility alleles with small effects on risk can be identified, given sufficiently powerful studies...

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..The objective of this study was to investigate hormonal and other factors associated with mammographic density during the menopausal transition and in postmenopause...

..Clinicians should be aware that women diagnosed with breast cancer within a few years following childbirth may have a worse outcome than that suggested solely by the standard histopathological prognostic factors of their cancer...

..Given the high and increasing prevalence of obesity in western countries, more research on improving the treatment of obese breast cancer patients is warranted...

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..Further study of ovarian cysts may increase our understanding of hormonal and other mechanisms of breast cancer etiology...

..The observed high correlations for outcome suggest that, for epilepsy, susceptibility genes also have a major influence on outcome...

..Given the widespread and increasing use of medical diagnostic radiation, continued surveillance of breast cancer risk is warranted, particularly in women at specific genetic risk, such as those carrying mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2...

..Most women with early-stage breast cancer believe that psychosocial factors are an important influence over whether their cancer will recur. Studies of the issue have produced conflicting results...

..Genetic factors are probably more important in non-classic BRE. The etiology and mode(s) of inheritance of BRE are much more complicated than initially conceptualized...