Pilar Lopez

..We suggest that this trade-off may allow one to honestly signal individual male quality via characteristics of coloration in lizards, which may have an important role in both intra- and intersexual selection processes...

..This result suggests the existence of a potential trade-off between physiological regulation of the immune system and the allocation of essential nutrients (vitamins) to sexual chemical ornaments in male lizards...

..Furthermore, squalene might also signal dominance status or aggressiveness of a male amphisbaenian because higher concentrations of squalene elicited higher levels of aggression by males...

..Thus, females might base their mate choice on the males' quality as indicated by the composition of their chemical signals...

..Particularly, the high abundance of a-tocopherol in this lizard is suggested to contribute to avoid oxidation of other lipids in secretions, increasing chemical stability of scent marks in the humid conditions of its habitat...

..We suggest that only high-quality males could divert these compounds from metabolism to secretions in order to produce an exaggerated and honest "chemical ornament."..

..Our study suggested that femoral secretion of male rock lizards may act as a multicomponent chemical signal...

..Also, older lizards had significant lower proportions of cholesterol and campesterol but higher proportions of dehydrocholesterol...

..The abundance of steroids and waxy esters in secretions of both male and female amphisbaenians may be useful to scent mark underground tunnels to facilitate orientation by these organisms...

..This variability might be related to the characteristics or physical and health condition of males and might be the basis of female choice based on chemical cues observed in this lizard species...

..In conclusion, female lizards seemed able to compensate increased predation risk with flexible antipredatory strategies, thus minimizing costs for body condition and health state...

..We suggest that differences in scent composition may reliably signal fighting ability in many lizard species, which would help to avoid the costs of fighting...

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..Thus, predator-prey interactions may modulate relative concentrations of chemicals in scents of lizards. Potential consequences of this effect on intraspecific chemical communication are suggested...

..We concluded that lizards compensated for increased predation risk with flexible antipredatory strategies, coping with risk without incurring costs for body condition...

..We suggest that the allocation of vitamins and other essential nutrients to either visual (e.g. carotenoids) or chemical ornaments might be the common basis of honest sexual displays in many animals...

..However, it is not known whether the scent-marks of male rock lizards may actually attract females to male territories in the field...

..We discuss the potential function of these compounds in secretions, and compare the compounds found here with those documented for other lizard species...

..We discuss the potential chemical mechanisms that may allow age recognition and its implications for social and sexual behavior of this snake species...

..In contrast, there was no relationship between immunity and growth after the experimental treatment...

..The use of multiple sensory channels may provide more opportunities to signal a male quality under different circumstances, but also may reinforce the reliability of the signal when both types of traits may be perceived simultaneously...

..Nevertheless, this sensory trap might have evolved into an honest signal because the elaboration of the signal seems differentially costly for males with different body conditions...

..Thus, we suggest that DGIs and male female DGIs are more widespread than previously thought, opening a new research avenue on apicomplexan transmission...

..We suggest that the metabolic roles of vitamins might be the actual basis of honesty of many sexual displays, and that carotenoid-based signals might be just the visible part of the whole system...

..Thus, this study demonstrates that green frog tadpoles in the absence of reinforcement remember the chemical cues of a learned predator only for a limited time that may be adaptative in a threat-sensitive context...

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..scripta, favoring the expansion of exotic sliders in the new environments in which they are introduced, in detriment to native Spanish terrapins...

..leprosa to a prolonged deficiency of their physiological functions, thus incurring increased predation risk and health costs, and ultimately favoring the recession of this native species in Mediterranean habitats...

..These data suggest that, at least between some populations, there may be reproductive isolation mediated by chemical signals and cryptic speciation...

..Results suggest that lizards have a flexible estimate of risk that is based on multiple sources and flexibly dependent on previous estimates...

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..We carried out a nationwide study aimed at the determination of the molecular epidemiology and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of invasive Staphylococcus aureus in 21 Spanish hospitals...