Bonaventura Clotet

..However, current HIV vaccine designs are largely based on viral sequence alignments only, not incorporating experimental data on T cell function and specificity...

..Chronologically, HIV transfer is an early event occurring immediately after the VS formation, which precedes but does not inevitably lead to transmission, a late event resulting in infection...

..The NODy study will evaluate the efficacy and safety of switching to nevirapine once daily compared with remaining on twice-daily treatment...

..DUET-1 and DUET-2 are registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00254046 and NCT00255099, respectively)...

..We did a pooled subgroup analysis to update results at week 48 for patients receiving the recommended dose of darunavir-ritonavir compared with those receiving other protease inhibitors (PIs)...

..A genotypic profile could provide clinicians with a predictive tool for time off therapy when TI is required in patients with suppressed viremia in whom nadir CD4(+) count is not available...

..We explored a treatment simplification strategy to darunavir/ritonavir 900/100 mg once daily guided by the darunavir virtual inhibitory quotient (vIQ) in patients receiving salvage therapy with darunavir/ritonavir 600/100 mg twice daily...

..The pathways of resistance to atazanavir (ATV) and amprenavir (APV) converge at position 50 of HIV protease. The determinants of cross-resistance were analysed during in vitro sequential or concomitant combination pressure with both drugs...

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..Statin groups showed lower serum cholesterol but similar viral loads and CD4 T-cell counts to the control group at weeks 4 and 12. Paradoxically, baseline serum cholesterol, but not atorvastatin, influenced viral rebound at week 4...

..We evaluated the effect of different doses of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN)-alpha2a/ribavirin (RBV) on several T-cell activation markers in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients and their relationship with changes in plasma HCV RNA...

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..Our results suggest that endocytosis is not a mechanism of infection of primary CD4 T cells, but may serve as a reservoir capable of inducing trans-infection of cells after the release of HIV particles to the extracellular environment...

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..We evaluated the safety of CD4 cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA (pVL)-guided treatment interruptions (GTI) and determined predictors of duration of treatment interruption...

..To analyse the genetic changes in the gp41 protein in HIV-infected patients with detectable plasma viraemia receiving a long-term salvage enfuvirtide regimen...

..Measures to improve adherence to HCV antiviral therapy should be considered when new approaches based on extended periods of treatment are investigated...

..This study aimed to evaluate in vivo the effects of NRTI withdrawal on mitochondrial parameters and body fat distribution...

..These findings could suggest that additional triggers are required to achieve a critical threshold in the degree of mitochondrial damage needed for symptoms to develop...

..Low bone mineral density (BMD) is an emerging metabolic condition in HIV-infected patients; however, data on progression of this disease are scarce...

..Additionally, neurocognitive functioning was observed to be more impaired in the same individuals. Further studies should examine the potential negative effects of antiretroviral therapy interruptions on neurocognitive functioning...

..Atazanavir Ctroughs were compared between Days 0 and 28. Atazanavir and nevirapine Ctroughs at Day 28 were compared with historical controls receiving either 400 mg atazanavir once daily or 200 mg nevirapine twice daily...

..We conclude that ADS-J1 may bind to the HIV coreceptor binding site as its mechanism of anti-HIV activity...

..We assessed whether a simple reduction of the ddl dose in patients receiving ddl (400 mg/day) and TDF could revert this side effect...

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..To assess the most frequent resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) to lopinavir/ritonavir in a cohort of patients attended in daily practice...

..Changes induced by ENF-containing regimen were seen in HIV coreceptor expression, including an increase in CCR5+CD4+ cells, a decrease in CD38 T cells and a concomitant reduction of T cell apoptosis...

..5%) and in no patients, respectively, (P = 0.007). The CD4 cell decrease in failure patients was 5% (P = ns). These results suggest that enfuvirtide should be maintained until new active drugs became available...

..Therapeutic drug monitoring may be useful in this setting...

..It is coformulated with low doses of ritonavir in order to enhance its pharmacokinetic profile. After oral administration, plasma concentrations of lopinavir can vary widely between different HIV-infected patients...

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..The ability of a prolonged antiretroviral treatment interruption to reverse mitochondrial toxicity was evaluated in a sub-study of TIBET, a prospective trial examining antiretroviral treatment interruption guided by CD4+ cell count...

..We suggest targeting a darunavir vIQ of 1.5 for achieving long-term viral suppression...

..Env tropism and coreceptor expression but not differential killing mechanisms seem to govern the extent of cytopathic effects induced by HIV infection...

..The particular relevance of either ddI, TDF, or any interaction between them in such a mitochondrial dysfunction remains to be established...

..Cellular cholesterol is essential for HIV replication and may control HIV spread. HIV, in turn, appears to control cholesterol metabolism...

..In contrast, R5 variants from R5 phenotype samples were highly heterogeneous and subject to positive selective pressures...

..Here, we evaluate their role in viral transmission between different HIV producing cells and primary CD4 T cells...

..The subjective attribution of these irregularities to antiretrovirals seems to affect medication intake, possibly favoring negative clinical consequences...

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..In conclusion, our results reveal a significant role of integrin alphaV-mediated adhesion in HIV-1 infection of macrophages...

..To assess the influence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infection and the extent of liver fibrosis on lopinavir/ritonavir pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients without liver function impairment...

..66; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-0.93; P=.021). A prior STI seems to confer no additional benefit to subsequent virological or immunological outcomes of a salvage regimen...

..Although antiretroviral therapy improves immune response, some human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients present unsatisfactory CD4 T cell recovery despite achieving viral suppression, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality...

..To assess the Efficacy and safety of switching from HAART containing enfuvirtide to raltegravir as a simplification strategy in patients with viral suppression and intolerance to enfuvirtide...

..To evaluate the efficacy and safety of switching from boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) to boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) in virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected patients versus continuing LPV/r...

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..Thus, viral resistance development to a CXCR4 antagonist such as AMD3100 is associated with reduced viral fitness...

..A clinical trial comparing the rate of discontinuation and tolerability of two post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) regimens was performed...

..However, the probability of restarting therapy in these two groups of patients was independent of the levels of naive T cells, RTEs, or TRECs...

..We have evaluated the impact of antibodies against HIV envelope glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41) on cell-to-cell HIV transmission...

..Protection of cells prior to infection from HIV envelope-dependent bystander effect could lead to a better immune restoration of HIV-1-infected patients that are treated with T-20...

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..Previous STIs do not influence time off therapy when HAART is definitively discontinued in chronically HIV-infected subjects. CD4 nadir is an important factor in the treatment discontinuation decision...

..Greater NS3/4A nucleotide heterogeneity and higher Shannon entropy values in nonresponders suggest that less HCV quasispecies complexity may favor a better response to pegIFN-RBV...

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..The identification of the transporter involved in each specific drug uptake in immune cells could help to optimize pharmacological therapeutic responses...

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..We describe the molecular mechanism of a non-infectious HIV-1 protease phenotypic assay in eukaryotic cells and validate its applicability as a tool for monitoring drug resistance...

..Alternation of antiretroviral drug regimens has been proposed as a novel treatment strategy for HIV infection. However, some concerns persist regarding antiviral efficacy, adherence, toxicity and resistance evolution in the long term...

..Genes and polymorphisms identified by large-scale analysis need to be followed up by means of functional assays and resequencing efforts to more precisely map causal genes...

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..HIV infection is associated with advanced liver fibrosis. HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals on HAART are at risk of developing end-stage liver disease despite virological success and immunological reconstitution...

..To determine the feasibility and outcomes of long-distance interactive expert advice for treatment-experienced patients...

..Suboptimal doses of ribavirin have been suggested to explain the diminished efficacy of pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-HIV-coinfected patients...

..In this assay, different anti-HIV envelope drugs showed characteristic inhibitory profiles for each measured parameter, allowing for the rapid identification of the mode of action of active compounds...

..To assess the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic interactions of ezetimibe in HIV-infected patients with poorly controlled antiretroviral-associated dyslipidaemia while taking pravastatin alone...

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..We have analysed the resistance profile of two R5 HIV-1 strains [BaL and a clinical isolate (CI)] after long-term passage in cell culture in the presence of TAK-779, the first developed non-peptidic small molecule targeting CCR5...

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..No anti-HIV activity was detected at subtoxic concentrations and simvastatin did not induce a significant change in the mean viral load or CD4 cell count in study patients. We caution on the use of statins as antiretroviral agents...

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..g. atazanavir and tenofovir) have become available. These characteristics thus increase the likelihood of durable viral suppression...

..Determining the most active drugs and successfully combining them is the key challenge in salvage regimens...

..Taken together, these results show a lack of clinically relevant evolution in the protease-coding region after 2 years of successful HAART...

..4) in up to 1 out of every 3 samples analyzed. The early withdrawal of first-generation NNRTIs in patients with virological failure is essential to avoid the accumulation of mutations that could compromise the activity of this drug...

..These findings show no significant differences in the mother-to-child transmissibility of HIV-1 subtypes A, C and D and detected recombinants forms...

..Different recommendations on the assessment of efavirenz-related adverse events are also provided...

..We conclude that after gp120 function, gp41 mediates close cell-to-cell contacts, thereby triggering cell death in single uninfected cells in the absence of detectable cell-to-cell fusion...

..CONCLUSIONS: A very early HCV viral decay is observed in responder patients. An early virological response assessment at week 4 and 12 might be a useful tool in the clinical management of the co-infected population...

..L90M occurs in only 5% of cases. These results are of significance for determining the feasibility of initiating a second PI after first-line nelfinavir failure...

..The present review summarizes the main results of the various retrospective studies on LPV/r as a simplification strategy of antiretroviral therapy in daily clinical practice...

..I50L is atazanavir's signature mutation. It has been shown in previously treated patients that resistance is likely when three or more protease inhibitor resistance-related primary mutations are present...

..Based on our findings, we suggest some recommendations regarding the management of this growing population...

..This article forms part of a special issue of Antiviral Research marking the 25th anniversary of antiretroviral drug discovery and development, vol. 85, issue 1, 2010...

..We evaluated the selection of NNRTI-related mutations and the coefficient of variation of NNRTI plasma concentrations during different TI periods...

..An initial investment in establishing such procedures can be expected to yield significant returns in patient confidence and benefit on enfuvirtide...

..Quality of life significantly improved for groups A and B. In patients receiving effective PI-based therapy, the replacement of the PI with either nevirapine or efavirenz is safe and virologically effective...

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..The need for lipid reduction therapy may be minimized with the use of new PIs that are comparable in efficacy to current PIs but do not negatively affect lipid levels...

..To compare the efficacy and safety of a nucleoside-sparing approach with a conventional highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen in antiretroviral-experienced patients with prolonged viral suppression...

..The expert advice also showed virologic benefit in the second failure group...

..In conclusion, these data demonstrate durable efficacy and safety of ENF over 96 weeks and that early use of ENF in combination with other agents for the treatment of antiretroviral-experienced HIV-infected subjects is beneficial...

..This consensus document is an update of antiretroviral therapy (ART) recommendations for adult patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)...

..Safety was unaffected by the presence of positive antibody at any time point or change in level of antibody. There was no evidence that enfuvirtide cross-reactive gp41 antibody affects the efficacy or safety of enfuvirtide...

..Therefore, the interpretation of genotypic resistance for predicting response to regimens containing abacavir remains a major challenge...

..coformulated zidovudine/lamivudine plus nevirapine (group 2) in HIV-1-infected patients receiving successful first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy...

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