Africa Holguin

..All these aspects explain why the response to antiretroviral therapy might vary in subjects infected with different HIV-1 clades...

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..Several amino acid substitutions occur frequently in some non-B viruses at positions associated with drug resistance in clade B viruses. The clinical relevance of those polymorphisms is unclear...

..Data on susceptibility of HIV-1 non-B subtypes to Enfuvirtide (ENF) is rather limited...

..This is the first description of CRF02_AG/CRF06_ cpx recombinants in Spain. The results highlight the tremendous heterogeneity of HIV-1 recombinant strains currently in circulation...

..The effect of Gag variation on the viral cycle among different HIV-1 clades needs to be further investigated...

..Our data emphasize the need to use the same method for monitoring patients on therapy and also the convenience of HIV-1 subtyping...

..This study demonstrates that most viruses circulating in Spain with clade G sequences at the pol-coding region are in fact inter-subtype recombinants, with CRF02_AG being the most prevalent virus...

..HIV-1 non-B subtypes are increasingly present among newly diagnosed HIV-1 individuals in Madrid, representing a third of cases in 2007, whereas 10% of newly diagnosed HIV-1 native Spaniards had non-B viruses...

..Before entering routine clinical use, rapid subtyping tools should be optimized and updated periodically. Larger numbers of different non-B subtypes and CRF sequences should be included...

..Rapid, simple, low-cost, sensitive, and specific tests are needed to detect antibodies to all HIV-1 subtypes, especially in developing countries...

..Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) variants and drug-resistance mutations were identified in naive and antiretroviral drug-experienced children with virologic failure, in Honduras and El Salvador...

..More advanced immunodeficiency and the coexistence of parasitic diseases and infections with a large diversity of HIV-1 non-B and recombinant variants are expected...

..Drug resistance mutations compromise antiretroviral treatment (ART) effectiveness in HIV-1-infected children. Trends in drug resistance prevalence have not been previously evaluated in HIV-infected children in Spain...

..Genetic characterization of HIV-1 subtypes among immigrants and natives infected overseas...

..To our knowledge, this is the first characterization of LTR sequences belonging to subtypes J and H...

..G to A hypermutation at some important transcription binding-factor sites within LTR compromised the activity of the viral promoter, decreasing the in vitro viral transcription of the luciferase gene...

..The presence of HIV-1 non-B variants has already been reported in Spain and other European countries, mostly among African immigrants...

..A relatively high proportion of immigrant sex workers in Madrid were infected with HIV-1 and syphilis, whereas infections with hepatitis viruses or HTLV were uncommon...

..However, env sequences clustered with subtypes A and C, respectively. This work represents the first characterization of HIV-1 containing subtype J-like genomic regions in Spain...

..In a multivariate analysis neither HIV subtype nor ethnicity was associated with different CD4 gains at any given time point, suggesting that reconstitution of CD4+ T cells under HAART is not influenced by ethnicity...

..In some circumstances, a relationship between replication capacity in vitro and changes in binding sequences for transcription factors located at the LTR has been proven...

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..An increase in the frequency of mosaic viruses, reflecting the increasing heterogeneity of the HIV epidemic in our country, is expected...

..HIV-1 non-B subtypes are frequently recognized in HIV+ Africans arriving in the Canary islands and continuously introduced into the newly diagnosed HIV-1+ native population living in the archipelago...

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..HIV-1 variants and drug resistance mutations were identified in HIV-infected children from Madrid, Spain...

..P6gag variability across HIV-1 subtypes and after antiretroviral exposure may influence interactions with host cells involved in viral budding...

..These results suggest that the HIV-1 epidemic will evolve toward a more complex epidemiological landscape...

..This is the first study examining the genetic variability of the HIV-1 LTR region in long-term non-progressors showing further divergent outcomes...

..The prevalence of transmitted HIV drug resistance (TDR) is stabilizing or decreasing in developed countries. However, this trend is not specifically evaluated among immigrants from regions without well-implemented antiretroviral strategies...

..Thus, genotypic resistance in non-B subtypes still requires analysis...

..The Determine HIV-1/2, Equipar HIV, and Multispot HIV-1/2 tests were 100% sensitive and specific for the detection of HIV-1 antibodies. Multispot showed 92.7% specificity for HIV-2...

..Finally, the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of transcription regulation events could help in the search for new compounds targeting the critical steps of viral transcription...

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..Secondary mutations with little effect on INSTI susceptibility and additional substitutions with an uncertain role have also been described especially in HIV-1 non-B variants...

..The Community of Madrid represents a challenge for the control of HIV epidemic in Spain given its high HIV prevalence and increasing proportion of immigrant people among HIV-infected population...