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Genomes and GenesSpecies | Onderstepoort Veterinary InstituteSummaryOrganization: Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute Country: South Africa Top Publications
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Rugose wood-associated viruses do not appear to be involved in Shiraz (Syrah) decline in South AfricaDariusz E Goszczynski
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
Arch Virol 155:1463-9. 2010..Grapevine virus A (GVA) and grapevine virus B (GVB) were detected in a relatively small number of plants. This study suggested no involvement of GRSPaV, GVA or GVB in Shiraz decline...- Molecular divergence of Grapevine virus A (GVA) variants associated with Shiraz disease in South AfricaD E Goszczynski
Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
Virus Res 138:105-10. 2008..The variant induced symptoms in N. benthamina that were significantly more severe than those of other variants of molecular group II... - Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from free-ranging wildlife in South African game reservesA L Michel
ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Vet Microbiol 133:335-43. 2009..This finding was attributed to species-specific behaviour patterns rather than an advanced host-pathogen interaction... - Function, mechanism and evolution of the moubatin-clade of soft tick lipocalinsBen J Mans
Laboratory for Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
Insect Biochem Mol Biol 38:841-52. 2008..The moubatin-clade itself most probably derived from the related histamine and serotonin-binding lipocalin sub-family that is conserved within the Argasidae... - A novel clade of cysteinyl leukotriene scavengers in soft ticksBen J Mans
Laboratory for Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
Insect Biochem Mol Biol 38:862-70. 2008..As such, modulation of the hemostatic system as well as inflammation was important adaptive responses in the evolution of a blood-feeding lifestyle in soft ticks... - A heterologous prime/boost immunisation strategy protects against virulent E. ruminantium Welgevonden needle challenge but not against tick challengeA Pretorius
ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, South Africa
Vaccine 26:4363-71. 2008..Thus this heterologous prime/boost immunisation strategy had not conferred any significant protection against a field challenge... - The prevalence and distribution of Argas walkerae (Acari: Argasidae) in the eastern region of the Eastern Cape Province, South AfricaN Nyangiwe
Döhne Agricultural Development Institute, Private Bag X15, Stutterheim 4930, South Africa
Onderstepoort J Vet Res 75:83-6. 2008..The geographic distribution of A. walkerae seemed to be more strongly associated with the presence of fowls and fowl houses containing raw or processed wood in their structure than with climate... - Evaluation of different adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine containing all the SAT serotypesM Cloete
Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Onderstepoort J Vet Res 75:17-31. 2008.... - Molecular characterization of H5N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from South African ostriches in 2006Celia Abolnik
ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
Avian Dis 51:873-9. 2007..Multiple transmission events occurred from wild birds to ostriches in 2006, and it appears that a reservoir of H5N2 with pathogenic potential for poultry is established in the South African wild duck population... - Some fungi, zearalenone and other mycotoxins in chicken rations, stock feedstuffs, lucerne and pasture grasses in the communal farming area of Rhenosterkop in South AfricaD Naicker
Division of Toxicology, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
J S Afr Vet Assoc 78:69-74. 2007..The presence of the fungus in samples analysed is not evidence for the presence of mycotoxins... - Replication of live-attenuated vaccine strains of bluetongue virus in orally infected South African Culicoides speciesG J Venter
ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
Med Vet Entomol 21:239-47. 2007..imicola and that the oral susceptibility of C. imicola to the attenuated vaccine strains of BTV-1, -4, -9 and -16 remained similar for at least three consecutive seasons... - High Mycobacterium bovis genetic diversity in a low prevalence settingA L Michel
Tuberculosis Laboratory of the ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Vet Microbiol 126:151-9. 2008..Despite effective intervention through test-and-slaughter campaigns no indication of a 'founder effect' was apparent in the panel of isolates derived from all infected provinces... - Goats as alternative hosts of cattle ticksN Nyangiwe
Döhne Agricultural Development Institute, Private Bag X15, Stutterheim 4930, South Africa
Onderstepoort J Vet Res 74:1-7. 2007..05). These results underscore the necessity of including goats in any tick control programme designed for cattle at the same locality... - The influence of stocking density on body weight, egg weight, and feed intake of adult broiler breeder hensB J Mtileni
Livestock Business Division, Agricultrual Research Council, Private Bag X2, Irene, 0062, South Africa
Poult Sci 86:1615-9. 2007..Although generous floor space allowances were allocated per bird in this experiment, stocking density influenced the performance of broiler breeder hens... - Comparative field evaluation of two rapid immunochromatographic tests for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer)A L Michel
Bacteriology Section, ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Vet Immunol Immunopathol 127:186-9. 2009..Overall the performance of both diagnostic tests under field conditions was not found sufficiently high to support their use in bovine tuberculosis management and control strategies in South African game reserves... - Relative economic benefits of tactical anthelmintic treatment and urea-molasses block supplementation of Boer goats raised under extensive grazing conditions at Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South AfricaA F Vatta
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
Onderstepoort J Vet Res 75:237-47. 2008..Tactical anthelmintic treatment afforded no additional advantage, but the nematode challenge was low... - Molecular epidemiology of rabies: focus on domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) and black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) from northern South AfricaG C Zulu
Rabies Unit, ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x 05, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
Virus Res 140:71-8. 2009..It is proposed that wildlife rabies control strategies, in synergy with domestic animal vaccination should be considered for effective control of rabies in South Africa... - Phylogenetic analysis of influenza A viruses (H6N8, H1N8, H4N2, H9N2, H10N7) isolated from wild birds, ducks, and ostriches in South Africa from 2007 to 2009Celia Abolnik
Agricultural Research Council Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
Avian Dis 54:313-22. 2010..No evidence of internal genes associated with Asian HPAI H5N1 strains were detected in the South African isolates... - Serological responses to Babesia bovis vaccination in cattle previously infected with Babesia bigeminaM P Combrink
Parasites, Vectors and Vector borne Diseases PVVD, ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, 100 Old Soutpan Road, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa
Vet Parasitol 170:30-6. 2010..The judicious use of IFAT to establish vaccination success obtained with the current South African B. bovis vaccine is indicated... - Damage to some contractile and cytoskeleton proteins of the sarcomere in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes after exposure to pavetamineC E Ellis
Food, Feed and Veterinary Public Health Programme, Agricultural Research Council Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
Toxicon 55:1071-9. 2010..It is possible that these proteins are being degraded by proteases like the calpains and/or cathepsins. The consequence of pavetamine exposure is literally a "broken heart"... - Effect of pre-drying treatments and storage on color and phenolic composition of green honeybush (Cyclopia subternata) herbal teaElizabeth Joubert
Agricultural Research Council ARC Infruitec Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
J Agric Food Chem 58:338-44. 2010..Storage at 30 degrees C resulted in detrimental color changes, leading to the loss of the green leaf color irrespective of the pre-drying treatment... - Mokola virus involved in a human contact (South Africa)Claude Sabeta
OIE Rabies Reference Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 58:85-90. 2010.... - The effect of light trap height on the numbers of Culicoides midges collected under field conditions in South AfricaG J Venter
ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Vet Parasitol 166:343-5. 2009Onderstepoort 220 V suction light traps were operated at four sites at the ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute to collect Culicoides midges (Diptera; Ceratopogonidae) at 0.6, 1.4, 2.2 and 2.8 m above ground level... - Diversity and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) in South AfricaJustin Hatting
South African Agricultural Research Council, Small Grain Institute, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem 9701, South Africa
J Invertebr Pathol 102:120-8. 2009..2 and one H. bacteriophora from an unidentified white grub (Scarabaeidae) cadaver (i.e., dual infection) and H. bacteriophora from the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus... - A proposed selection index for feedlot profitability based on estimated breeding valuesR R van der Westhuizen
ARC Animal Production Institute, Irene, South Africa
Genet Mol Res 8:448-55. 2009..These results showed that it is possible to select for GTV. The selection index can benefit feedlotting in selecting offspring of bulls with high GTVs to maximize profitability... - Characterisation of a highly pathogenic influenza A virus of subtype H5N2 isolated from ostriches in South Africa in 2004Celia Abolnik
ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, South Africa
Influenza Other Respi Viruses 3:63-8. 2009..The HPAI H5N2 strain that caused an outbreak in ostriches of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa in 2004 was characterized... - Phenolic contribution of South African herbal teas to a healthy dietElizabeth Joubert
Post Harvest and Wine Technology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, South Africa 7599
Nat Prod Commun 4:701-18. 2009..Modulation of drug metabolising enzymes is indicated which not only could affect the therapeutic window of drugs, but also the bioavailability of other dietary flavonoids... - Isolation of isomangiferin from honeybush (Cyclopia subternata) using high-speed counter-current chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatographyDalene De Beer
ARC Infruitec Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
J Chromatogr A 1216:4282-9. 2009..The chemical structure of isomangiferin was confirmed by LC-high-resolution electrospray ionization MS, as well as one- and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy... - Improved strategies for sequence-independent amplification and sequencing of viral double-stranded RNA genomesA C Potgieter
OIE reference laboratories for African horsesickness and bluetongue, Virology Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
J Gen Virol 90:1423-32. 2009..This approach amounts to a paradigm shift in dsRNA virus research, since it is sensitive and specific enough for comprehensive investigations of the evolution and genetic diversity in dsRNA virus populations... - Cytotoxicity and ultrastructural changes in H9c2(2-1) cells treated with pavetamine, a novel polyamineC E Ellis
Food, Feed and Veterinary Public Health Programme, Agriculture Research Council Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, Gauteng 0110, South Africa
Toxicon 55:12-9. 2010.... - A knowledge gap analysis on multi-scale predictive ability for agriculturally derived sediments under South African conditionsA J van Zyl
Agricultural Research Council Institute for Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
Water Sci Technol 55:107-14. 2007.... - The effect of orally administered Aloe marlothii leaves on Boophilus decoloratus tick burdens on cattleA M Spickett
Agricultural Research Council Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Exp Appl Acarol 41:139-46. 2007..Fertility estimates showed the treatment group to yield a marginally higher, yet insignificant, egg laying response (ELR) and reproductive estimate (RE)... - SCAR markers linked to the common bean rust resistance gene Ur-13C M S Mienie
ARC Grain Crops Institute, Private Bag X1251, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
Theor Appl Genet 111:972-9. 2005..6 cM from the gene. Two additional SCAR markers and one cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker were located further from the gene. The gene was mapped to linkage group B8 on the BAT 93/Jalo EEP 558 core map (chromosome 3)... - Prevalence, quantification and typing of adenoviruses detected in river and treated drinking water in South AfricaJ van Heerden
Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
J Appl Microbiol 99:234-42. 2005..Adenoviruses have not previously been quantified in river and treated drinking water samples. In this study, HAds in river water and treated drinking water sources in South Africa were detected, quantified and typed... - PA 20, a semi-selective medium for isolation and enumeration of Pantoea ananatisTeresa Goszczynska
Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute FABI, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
J Microbiol Methods 64:225-31. 2006..Plating efficiencies on PA 20 in comparison to nutrient agar ranged from 92 to 112%. Recovery from naturally infested and artificially contaminated onion seed was high, with an almost total reduction of saprophytes... - An alternative method of blood-feeding Culicoides imicola and other haematophagous Culicoides species for vector competence studiesG J Venter
ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Vet Parasitol 131:331-5. 2005..However, the method described is likely to be useful in situations where membrane feeding is not viable to separate populations with significant differences in vector competence... - Morphological and molecular characterization of Endophyllum species on perennial asteraceous plants in South AfricaAlan R Wood
ARC Plant Protection Research Institute, P Bag X5017, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
Mycol Res 109:387-400. 2005..This rust is therefore considered suitable as a candidate agent for the biocontrol of C. monilifera ssp. monilifera, and pending the results of host specificity testing, would most likely be safe to introduce into Australia... - Induction of photosensitivity in sheep with Erodium moschatum (L.) L'HéritJ C Stroebel
Western Cape Provincial Veterinary Laboratory, Stellenbosch, South Africa
J S Afr Vet Assoc 73:57-61. 2002..It was concluded that E. moschatum can induce photosensitivity (probably the primary type) in sheep if ingested in large quantities... - Preliminary results on the use of diagnostic ultrasonography as a management tool to quantify egg production potential in breeding ostrich (Struthio camelus australis) femalesH Lambrechts
Klein Karoo Agricultural Development Centre, Oudtshoorn, South Africa
J S Afr Vet Assoc 73:48-52. 2002..Future studies should focus on the development of the technique to predict reproductive performance over entire breeding seasons for selection purposes... - Resistance to biotic and abiotic stress in the TriticeaeV L Tolmay
Agricultural Research Council Small Grain Institute, Private Bag X29, Bethlehem, 9700, South Africa
Hereditas 135:239-42. 2001..The future demands crops with stable yield irrespective of environmental constraints, good quality and a high nutritional value; crops that are free of pesticide residues and other harmful substances... - Biology and management of economically important lepidopteran cereal stem borers in AfricaRami Kfir
ARC Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
Annu Rev Entomol 47:701-31. 2002..Special attention is given to Busseola fusca and C. partellus, the most important pests of maize and grain sorghum... - The microbiology of South African traditional fermented milksE M Beukes
ARC Animal Nutrition and Animal Products Institute, Irene, South Africa
Int J Food Microbiol 63:189-97. 2001..dextranicum. Other species identified included Leuconostoc citreum, Leuconostoc lactis, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis and Lactobacillus plantarum... - Evaluation and host specificity of two seed flies Mesoclanis polana and M. magnipalpis (Diptera: Tephritidae): biological control agents for Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Asteraceae) in AustraliaR J Adair
Keith Turnbull Research Institute and Co operative Research Centre for Weed Management Systems, PO Box 48, Frankston, Victoria, 3199, Australia
Bull Entomol Res 90:467-74. 2000..Mesoclanis magnipalpis has not yet become naturalized. Parasitism of M. polana in Australia by several species of Hymenoptera has been detected, but is not expected to limit the establishment and impact of these flies... - The true metabolisable energy content of canola oilcake meal and full-fat canola seed for ostriches (Struthio camelus)T S Brand
Elsenburg Agriculture Research Centre, South Africa
Br Poult Sci 41:201-3. 2000..76 MJ kg(-1) and 22.5 MJ kg(-1). 4. The TME values obtained for these 2 important protein sources will assist in the more accurate formulation of diets for ostriches... - Bacterial populations associated with bulk packaged beef supplemented with dietary vitamin EE M Buys
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, South Africa
Int J Food Microbiol 56:239-44. 2000..predominated in 20% CO2:80% O2 and 100% CO2 bulk packaging. Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp. predominated on rump steaks, from both feeding and packaging treatments, during the aerobic display period of 7 days... - The possible role of Ostertagia circumcincta, coccidiosis and dietary protein level in the development of swelling disease in Angora goat kidsM A Snyman
Grootfontein Agricultural Development Institute, Private Bag X529, Middelburg EC, 5900, South Africa
J S Afr Vet Assoc 76:63-8. 2005..It is possible that the treatments applied in this study are not inductive of the disease, or the effects of the treatments were not severe enough to induce swelling disease... - Retrospective genetic analysis of SAT-1 type foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in southern AfricaW Vosloo
Exotic Diseases Division, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
Arch Virol 151:285-98. 2006.... - Behavioural responses of diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to extracts derived from Melia azedarach and Azadirachta indicaD S Charleston
Insect Ecology, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa
Bull Entomol Res 95:457-65. 2005..xylostella in South Africa... - In vitro cultivation of a south African isolate of an Anaplasma sp. in tick cell culturesE Zweygarth
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Onderstepoort J Vet Res 73:251-5. 2006..Molecular characterization revealed that the blood inoculum used to initiate the culture contained both A. marginale and Anaplasma sp. (Omatienne) whereas the organisms from established cultures were only Anaplasma sp. (Omatjenne)... - Establishment and validation of primary hepatocytes of the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus)D Naicker
Division of Toxicology, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Chemosphere 68:69-77. 2007..The primary catfish hepatocyte cell culture system, expressing CYP1A when exposed to B[a]P, could be used as a biomarker for aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants in aquatic ecosystems of southern and East Africa... - Protection against heartwater by DNA immunisation with four Ehrlichia ruminantium open reading framesA Pretorius
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Vaccine 25:2316-24. 2007..Each individual 1H12 ORF provided protection, but all the animals vaccinated with the other cocktails succumbed to the challenge... - Characterisation of a SAT-1 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in captive African buffalo (Syncerus caffer): clinical symptoms, genetic characterisation and phylogenetic comparison of outbreak isolatesW Vosloo
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, South Africa
Vet Microbiol 120:226-40. 2007.... - Oral susceptibility of South African stock-associated Culicoides species to bluetongue virusG J Venter
ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, South Africa
Med Vet Entomol 20:329-34. 2006..The results of this study confirm the higher vector competence of C. bolitinos compared with C. imicola... - Use of NIRS for quantification of mangiferin and hesperidin contents of dried green honeybush (Cyclopia genistoides) plant materialElizabeth Joubert
ARC Infruitec Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch, 7599, South Africa
J Agric Food Chem 54:5279-83. 2006..46 g/100 g; R2=0.74; and RPD=1.96) and hesperidin (SEP=0.38 g/100 g; R2=0.72; and RDP=1.90) contents of the dried plant material are adequate for screening purposes, based on RPD values... - Managing anthelmintic resistance in small ruminant livestock of resource-poor farmers in South AfricaA F Vattaa
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
J S Afr Vet Assoc 77:2-8. 2006..It is also very clear that there is a strong demand for knowledge about animal diseases, including helminthosis, and their effective management in the resource-poor livestock farming communities. This is an important challenge to meet... - Morphology of the gular valve of the Nile crocodile, Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1768)J F Putterill
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
J Morphol 267:924-39. 2006..No structures resembling taste receptors were observed in the mucosa of the gular valve... - Impact of botanical pesticides derived from Melia azedarach and Azadirachta indica plants on the emission of volatiles that attract Parasitoids of the diamondback moth to cabbage plantsDeidre S Charleston
Insect Ecology, Agricultural Research Council, Plant Protection Research Institute, Private Bag X134, Queenswood 0121, South Africa
J Chem Ecol 32:325-49. 2006..This interesting phenomenon likely explains the preference of C. plutellae parasitoids for cabbage plants that have been treated with syringa extracts... - Ehrlichia ruminantium: an emerging human pathogen?M T E P Allsopp
Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X5, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Ann N Y Acad Sci 1063:358-60. 2005 - Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of aqueous extracts and crude polyphenolic fractions of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis)Elizabeth Joubert
ARC Infruitec Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, Stellenbosch 7599, South Africa
J Agric Food Chem 53:10260-7. 2005..The in vitro pro-oxidant activity displayed by flavonoid-enriched fractions of rooibos demonstrates that one must be aware of the potential adverse biological properties of potent antioxidant extracts utilized as dietary supplements... - Apple polygalacturonase inhibiting protein1 expressed in transgenic tobacco inhibits polygalacturonases from fungal pathogens of apple and the anthracnose pathogen of lupinsDean Oelofse
Agricultural Research Council ARC Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute, Biotechnology Division, Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
Phytochemistry 67:255-63. 2006..niger PG, which was in contrast to the apple fruit extract used in this study. We conclude that there are at least two active PGIPs expressed in apple, which differ in their charge properties and ability to inhibit A. niger PG... - Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: implications and challengesA L Michel
Department of Bacteriology, ARC Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
Vet Microbiol 112:91-100. 2006..Veterinary researchers and policy-makers have recognized the need to intensify research on this disease and the need to develop tools for control, initially targeting buffalo and lion... - The effect of cryopreservation on the survivability, viability and motility of epididymal African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) spermatozoaH Lambrechts
Department of Human and Animal Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
Theriogenology 52:1241-9. 1999..3 +/- 2.3% (1995) and 93.3 +/- 2.2% (1996) to 50.2 +/- 2.3% and 37.5 +/- 2.2%, respectively. In 1995, this effect was largely associated with the thermal equilibration prior to cryopreservation...