The relationship between primary care, income inequality, and mortality in US States, 1980-1995Leiyu Shi
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
J Am Board Fam Pract 16:412-22. 2003
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- Changes in medical care experiences of racial and ethnic groups in the United States, 1996-2002
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Int J Health Serv 38:653-70. 2008
..Disparities in medical care experience have increased for some groups, and efforts must be made to reduce financial and nonfinancial barriers to care for racial/ethnic minority populations...
Vulnerability and the patient-practitioner relationship: the roles of gatekeeping and primary care performanceLeiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Am J Public Health 93:138-44. 2003
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- Primary care quality: community health center and health maintenance organization
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Hygiene, Baltimore, MD 21205 1996, USA
South Med J 96:787-95. 2003
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- Primary care, social inequalities, and all-cause, heart disease, and cancer mortality in US counties, 1990
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Room 406, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Am J Public Health 95:674-80. 2005
..We tested the association between the availability of primary care and income inequality on several categories of mortality in US counties...
- Contribution of primary care to health systems and health
Barbara Starfield
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
Milbank Q 83:457-502. 2005
..The means by which primary care improves health have been identified, thus suggesting ways to improve overall health and reduce differences in health across major population subgroups...
- Assessing the impact of the Health Center Growth Initiative on health center patients
Leiyu Shi
Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Primary Care Policy Center, 624 North Broadway, Room 452, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Public Health Rep 125:258-66. 2010
..We examined the impact this initiative had on the number and types of patients seen by health centers, as well as the health center characteristics significantly associated with service expansions...
- Access to care for U.S. health center patients and patients nationally: how do the most vulnerable populations fare?
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Hygiene, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Med Care 45:206-13. 2007
..Given recent budget cuts to the Medicaid program, health centers remain an important policy option to assure access to care for vulnerable populations...
- Primary care, race, and mortality in US states
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Hygiene, Baltimore, MD 21205 1996, USA
Soc Sci Med 61:65-75. 2005
..The study provides evidence that primary care resources are associated with population health and could aid in reducing socioeconomic disparities in health...
Access to medical care, dental care, and prescription drugs: the roles of race/ethnicity, health insurance, and incomeLeiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
South Med J 103:509-16. 2010
..After accounting for socioeconomic factors and other demographic characteristics, racial/ethnic disparities in access to care were examined...
- Racial and ethnic disparities in the quality of primary care for children
Gregory D Stevens
Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
J Fam Pract 51:573. 2002
..This study compared the quality of primary care experienced specifically by children of different racial and ethnic groups...
- The role of community health centers in delivering primary care to the underserved: experiences of the uninsured and Medicaid insured
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
J Ambul Care Manage 30:159-70. 2007
..Health centers appear to fill an important gap in primary care for Medicaid and uninsured patients. Nonetheless, this study suggests that Medicaid insurance remains fundamental to accessing high-quality primary care, even within CHCs...
- Cancer screening among racial/ethnic and insurance groups in the United States: a comparison of disparities in 2000 and 2008
Leiyu Shi
Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
J Health Care Poor Underserved 22:945-61. 2011
..The uninsured continued to be at a disadvantage for all three types of cancer screening, relative to the privately insured, as were publicly insured individuals with respect to colorectal cancer screening...
- Vulnerability and unmet health care needs. The influence of multiple risk factors
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
J Gen Intern Med 20:148-54. 2005
..Most studies have examined the independent effects of these risk factors for poor access, but more practical models are needed to account for the clustering of multiple risks...
- Primary care, income inequality, and stroke mortality in the United States: a longitudinal analysis, 1985-1995
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 N Broadway, Room 409, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Stroke 34:1958-64. 2003
..The goal of this study was to test whether primary care reduces the impact of income inequality on stroke mortality...
- US primary care delivery after the Health Center Growth Initiative: comparison of health centers, hospital outpatient departments, and physicians' offices
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
J Ambul Care Manage 35:60-74. 2012
..Health centers performed processes of care with comparable or higher occurrence, relative to physicians' offices. Health care disparities were also attenuated in health centers, compared with other primary care settings...
- Disparities in access to care and satisfaction among U.S. children: the roles of race/ethnicity and poverty status
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 1996, USA
Public Health Rep 120:431-41. 2005
..The study assessed the progress made toward reducing racial and ethnic disparities in access to health care among U.S. children between 1996 and 2000...
- Characteristics of ambulatory care patients and services: a comparison of community health centers and physicians' offices
Leiyu Shi
Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Dept of Health Policy and Management, 624 North Broadway, Room 452, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
J Health Care Poor Underserved 21:1169-83. 2010
..Results affirmed the significant role of CHCs as safety-net providers for vulnerable populations, and indicated that CHCs provide adequate care compared with POs although there remains room for improvement...
- The medical home, access to care, and insurance: a review of evidence
Barbara Starfield
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Pediatrics 113:1493-8. 2004
..A concerted attempt to provide a means of universal financial access as well as a medical home should be of high priority for the United States...
- Health center financial performance: national trends and state variation, 1998-2004
Leiyu Shi
Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
J Public Health Manag Pract 13:133-50. 2007
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- The influence of English proficiency on access to care
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Ethn Health 14:625-42. 2009
..We assessed the impact of English language proficiency on access to medical care, accounting for health and socioeconomic status, using nationally representative data...
- Nativity status and access to care in Canada and the U.S.: factoring in the roles of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status
Lydie A Lebrun
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
J Health Care Poor Underserved 22:1075-100. 2011
..There was also a dose-response effect of education on access to care among the native-born but not among the foreign-born; there were few nativity-by-income joint effects...
- America's Health Centers: reducing racial and ethnic disparities in perinatal care and birth outcomes
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Health Serv Res 39:1881-901. 2004
..Within CHCs, increasing first-trimester prenatal care use through perinatal care capacity may lead to further improvement in birth outcomes for the underserved...
- Primary care experience and racial disparities in self-reported health status
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205 1996, USA
J Am Board Fam Pract 17:443-52. 2004
..Despite the well-established connections between good primary care and health, the scientific evidence on whether good primary care can reduce racial disparities in health is sparse...
- The impact of primary care and what States can do
Barbara Starfield
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
N C Med J 68:204-7. 2007
- Public-private partnerships in community health centers: addressing the needs of underserved populations
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Organ Ethic 4:35-42. 2007
..Finally, this article considers the continuing role of community health center public-private partnerships in the context of political and healthcare market shifts...
- Commentary: primary care and health outcomes: a health services research challenge
Barbara Starfield
Johns Hopkins University, 624 North Broadway, Room 452, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Health Serv Res 42:2252-6; discussion 2294-323. 2007
- Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in access to care and quality of care for US health center patients compared with non-health center patients
Leiyu Shi
Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
J Ambul Care Manage 32:342-50. 2009
..This study adds to growing evidence that health centers may also help eliminate racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in access to care and quality of care...
- Managed care, primary care, and the patient-practitioner relationship
Christopher B Forrest
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
J Gen Intern Med 17:270-7. 2002
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- Vulnerability and the receipt of recommended preventive services: the influence of multiple risk factors
Leiyu Shi
Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Med Care 43:193-8. 2005
..Without attention to such co-occurring risks, it is unlikely that substantial gains will be made in reducing disparities in the incidence of and mortality from the most common preventable diseases in the United States...
- Level of evidence of the value of care in federally qualified health centers for policy making
Kevin Frick
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
Prog Community Health Partnersh 1:75-82. 2007
..Not all cost-effectiveness studies employ formal peer-reviewed methodologies. A review of the literature on CHCs' cost effectiveness is necessary to assess whether a higher level of evidence is needed to guide future policy...
- The effects of specialist supply on populations' health: assessing the evidence
Barbara Starfield
Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Health Aff (Millwood) . 2005
..Adverse effects from inappropriate or unnecessary specialist use may be responsible for the absence of relationship between specialist supply and mortality...
- Policy relevant determinants of health: an international perspective
Barbara Starfield
Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Room 452, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 1996, USA
Health Policy 60:201-18. 2002
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- Advancing primary care to promote equitable health: implications for China
Li Mei Hung
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 624 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Int J Equity Health 11:2. 2012
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- Effect of managed care on children's relationships with their primary care physicians: differences by race
Gregory D Stevens
Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 624 N Broadway St, Room 661, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156:369-77. 2002
..Few studies have examined this aspect of primary care quality for children, and none has examined the role of managed care in mediating disparities...
- Americans with diet-related chronic diseases report higher diet quality than those without these diseases
Xiaoli Chen
Center for Human Nutrition, Department of International Health, Behavior and Society, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
J Nutr 141:1543-51. 2011
..Efforts are needed to promote healthy eating among Americans with diet-related chronic diseases; nutrition education and promotion of FL use may help...
- Quantifying the health benefits of primary care physician supply in the United States
James Macinko
RWJ Health and Society Scholars Program, University of Pennsylavnia, Philadelphia 19104 6218, USA
Int J Health Serv 37:111-26. 2007
..Pooled results for all-cause mortality suggest that an increase of one primary care physician per 10,000 population was associated with an average mortality reduction of 5.3 percent, or 49 per 100,000 per year...
- Primary care, self-rated health, and reductions in social disparities in health
Leiyu Shi
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health and Hygiene, Baltimore MD 21205-1996, USA
Health Serv Res 37:529-50. 2002
..In conclusion, good primary-care experience is associated not only with improved self-rated overall and mental health but also with reductions in disparities between more- and less-disadvantaged communities in ratings of overall health...
- The contribution of primary care systems to health outcomes within Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, 1970-1998
James Macinko
Department of Health Administration and Planning, , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Health Serv Res 38:831-65. 2003
..3) The proposed scale can also be used to monitor health reform efforts intended to improve primary care...
- Health center trends, 1994-2001: what do they portend for the federal growth initiative?
Ann S O'Malley
Center for Studying Health System Change, Washington, DC, USA
Health Aff (Millwood) 24:465-72. 2005
..There were no disparities in visit-based preventive services delivery by race/ethnicity or insurance status. Continued growth under the initiative is likely to help reduce health disparities and improve care for the underserved...
- Primary care access and quality: two sides of the same coin
Gregory D Stevens
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158:185; author reply 185-6. 2004
- Racial and ethnic disparities in the primary care experiences of children: a review of the literature
Gregory D Stevens
Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA
Med Care Res Rev 60:3-30. 2003
..Finally, the article proposes an agenda for further research into the pathways by which racial and ethnic disparities in primary care exist...
- Patient-provider racial and ethnic concordance and parent reports of the primary care experiences of children
Gregory D Stevens
Center for Healthier Children, Families and Communities, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif 90095 6939, USA
Ann Fam Med 1:105-12. 2003
..It remains unknown whether similar findings are true for children. This study examines the association of race/ethnicity concordance with parent reports of children's primary care experiences...
- The future role of health centers in improving national health
Robert M Politzer
Office of Policy, Evaluation, and Data, Bureau of Primary Health Care, Health Resources and Services Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
J Public Health Policy 24:296-306. 2003
..Continued expansion of the health center network to ensure primary care for those who remain underserved is both an effective and politically acceptable strategy to improve national health...
- Income inequality and health: a critical review of the literature
James A Macinko
New York University, Steinhardt School of Education, USA
Med Care Res Rev 60:407-52. 2003
..Future studies will require a more comprehensive model of health production that includes health system covariates, sufficient sample size, and adjustment for inconsistencies in income inequality data...
- Wage inequality, the health system, and infant mortality in wealthy industrialized countries, 1970-1996
James A Macinko
Department of Health Administration and Planning, National School of Public Health Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Soc Sci Med 58:279-92. 2004
..Results suggest that improving aspects of the healthcare system may be one way to partially compensate for the negative effects of social inequalities on population health...
