The long QT syndrome: a clinical counterpart of hERG mutationsPeter J Schwartz
Department of Cardiology, University of Pavia and Policlinico S. Matteo IRCCS, V.le Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Novartis Found Symp 266:186-98; discussion 198-203. 2005
..Presentation and discussion of the different phenotypes is followed by a number of still unanswered questions related to specific features of the LQT2 patients...
Management of long QT syndromePeter J Schwartz
Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2:346-51. 2005
..The data presented here illustrate how the treatment of LQTS is rapidly evolving toward a highly individually tailored approach on the basis of patient-specific genetic information...
The congenital long QT syndromes from genotype to phenotype: clinical implicationsPeter J Schwartz
Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico S Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
J Intern Med 259:39-47. 2006
..The recent identification of modifier genes which amplify the effect of an LQTS mutation may change the approach to risk stratification...
Cardiac potassium channel dysfunction in sudden infant death syndromeTroy E Rhodes
Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
J Mol Cell Cardiol 44:571-81. 2008
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Ion channel diseases in children: manifestations and managementPeter J Schwartz
Department of Cardiology and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico S Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Curr Opin Cardiol 23:184-91. 2008
..Hence, there is a growing need to know more about the management of these complex and often lethal diseases. The present review addresses these practical issues...
How really rare are rare diseases?: the intriguing case of independent compound mutations in the long QT syndromePeter J Schwartz
Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico S Matteo, Pavia, Italy
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14:1120-1. 2003
Left cardiac sympathetic denervation in the management of high-risk patients affected by the long-QT syndromePeter J Schwartz
Department of Lung, Blood and Heart, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 109:1826-33. 2004
..We assessed the long-term efficacy of left cardiac sympathetic denervation (LCSD) in a group of high-risk patients...
[New ways to become embroiled in a medico-legal suit. Encounters of the third type between cardiologists and lawyers in the era of guidelines and of molecular biology]Peter J Schwartz
Dipartimento di Cardiologia, , Pavia
Ital Heart J Suppl 5:215-7. 2004
Stillbirths, sudden infant deaths, and long-QT syndrome: puzzle or mosaic, the pieces of the Jigsaw are being fitted togetherPeter J Schwartz
Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, V.le Golgi, 19 27100 Pavia, Italy
Circulation 109:2930-2. 2004
Genotype-phenotype correlation in the long-QT syndrome: gene-specific triggers for life-threatening arrhythmiasP J Schwartz
Department of Cardiology, Policlinico S Matteo IRCCS and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 103:89-95. 2001
..Preliminary observations suggested that the conditions ("triggers") associated with cardiac events may in large part be gene specific...
Pro: Newborn ECG screening to prevent sudden cardiac deathPeter J Schwartz
Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico S. Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Heart Rhythm 3:1353-5. 2006
A molecular link between the sudden infant death syndrome and the long-QT syndromeP J Schwartz
Department of Cardiology, University of Pavia and Policlinico San Matteo Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Italy
N Engl J Med 343:262-7. 2000
The Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome: natural history, molecular basis, and clinical outcomePeter J Schwartz
Department of Cardiology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico S Matteo, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 113:783-90. 2006
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Gene symbol: SCN5AL Crotti
Department of Cardiology, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Hum Genet 120:913. 2007
Clinical and genetic heterogeneity of right bundle branch block and ST-segment elevation syndrome: A prospective evaluation of 52 familiesS G Priori
Molecular Cardiology Laboratories, IRCCS Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 102:2509-15. 2000
..As a consequence, aggressive management (implantable cardioverter defibrillator) is recommended for both groups...
Gene symbol: KCNQ1L Crotti
Department of Cardiology, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Hum Genet 120:912. 2007
The elusive link between LQT3 and Brugada syndrome: the role of flecainide challengeS G Priori
Department of Molecular Cardiology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 102:945-7. 2000
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Gene symbol: KCNH2L Crotti
Department of Cardiology, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Hum Genet 120:912. 2007
Gene symbol: SCN5AL Crotti
Department of Cardiology, Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Hum Genet 120:911-2. 2007
[Long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome: 2 aspects of the same disease?]M Cerrone
Dipartimento di Cardiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia
Ital Heart J Suppl 2:253-7. 2001
..Only deepened understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlation will allow the definition of the individual patient's risk and the development of guidelines for clinical management...
A molecular basis for the therapy of the long QT syndromeS G Priori
Dipartimento di Cardiologia, Facolta di Medicina e Chirurgla, , Policlinico San Matteo IRCCS, Italy
Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 89:1185-7. 1996
..Conversely, LQT2 patients are at higher risk to develop syncope under stressful conditions, because of the combined arrhythmogenic effect of cathecolamines with the insufficient adaptation of their QT interval when heart rate increases...
Significance of QT dispersion in the long QT syndromeC Napolitano
Molecular Cardiology Laboratories Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
Prog Cardiovasc Dis 42:345-50. 2000
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Low penetrance in the long-QT syndrome: clinical impactS G Priori
Molecular Cardiology and Electrophysiology Laboratory, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 99:529-33. 1999
..We had previously suggested that a larger-than-anticipated number of LQTS patients might be affected without showing clinical signs. We have now exploited the availability of molecular diagnosis to test this hypothesis...
Genetic and molecular basis of cardiac arrhythmias: impact on clinical management parts I and IIS G Priori
Molecular Cardiology and Electrophysiology Laboratory, Fondazione S Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 99:518-28. 1999
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Guidelines for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogram. A task force of the European Society of CardiologyP J Schwartz
Department of Cardiology, University of Pavia and IRCCS Policlinico S Matteo, Italy
Eur Heart J 23:1329-44. 2002
Baroreflex sensitivity and heart rate variability in the identification of patients at risk for life-threatening arrhythmias: implications for clinical trialsM T La Rovere
Centro Medico di Montescano, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri IRCCS, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 103:2072-7. 2001
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Gene symbol: KCNH2L Crotti
Department of Cardiology, Policlinico San Matteo, Univeristy of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Hum Genet 120:911. 2007
Silent myocardial ischemia in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with coronary artery diseaseC Falcone
Department of Cardiology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital, University of Pavia, Piazzale Golgi 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Int J Cardiol 90:219-27. 2003
..The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of silent ischemia in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with assessed CAD...
Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death, European Society of CardiologyS G Priori
Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, University of Pavia, Italy
Europace 4:3-18. 2002
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Does pregnancy increase cardiac risk for LQT1 patients with the KCNQ1-A341V mutation?Marshall J Heradien
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1410-5. 2006
..The purpose of this study was to assess the pregnancy-related cardiovascular risk in LQT1 patients...
Cardiac sodium channel dysfunction in sudden infant death syndromeDao W Wang
Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn, USA
Circulation 115:368-76. 2007
..We present functional characterization of 7 missense variants (S216L, R680H, T1304M, F1486L, V1951L, F2004L, and P2006A) and 1 in-frame deletion allele (delAL586-587) identified by these efforts...
Can a message from the dead save lives?Peter J Schwartz
J Am Coll Cardiol 49:247-9. 2007
Long QT syndrome in adultsAndrew J Sauer
Cardiology Unit of the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642 8653, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 49:329-37. 2007
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Genetic testing in the long QT syndrome: development and validation of an efficient approach to genotyping in clinical practiceCarlo Napolitano
Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS Fondazione S Maugeri Foundation, Pavia, Italy
JAMA 294:2975-80. 2005
..In long QT syndrome (LQTS), disease severity and response to therapy vary according to the genetic loci. There exists a critical need to devise strategies to expedite genetic analysis...
Prevalence of long-QT syndrome gene variants in sudden infant death syndromeMarianne Arnestad
Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Circulation 115:361-7. 2007
..Given the importance and potential implications of these observations, we performed a study to more accurately quantify the contribution to SIDS of LQTS gene mutations and rare variants...
Long-QT syndrome after age 40Ilan Goldenberg
Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
Circulation 117:2192-201. 2008
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Neural control of heart rate is an arrhythmia risk modifier in long QT syndromePeter J Schwartz
Section of Cardiology, Department of Lung, Blood and Heart, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
J Am Coll Cardiol 51:920-9. 2008
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Two cases of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in a GEFS+ family with an SCN1A mutationNeeti Hindocha
Epilepsia 49:360-5. 2008
The E1784K mutation in SCN5A is associated with mixed clinical phenotype of type 3 long QT syndromeNaomasa Makita
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
J Clin Invest 118:2219-29. 2008
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Left cardiac sympathetic denervation for catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardiaArthur A M Wilde
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam
N Engl J Med 358:2024-9. 2008
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Risk of death in the long QT syndrome when a sibling has diedElizabeth S Kaufman
Heart and Vascular Research Center, MetroHealth Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Heart Rhythm 5:831-6. 2008
..Sudden death of a sibling is thought to be associated with greater risk of death in long QT syndrome (LQTS). However, there is no evidence of such an association...
Risk factors for aborted cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death in children with the congenital long-QT syndromeIlan Goldenberg
Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
Circulation 117:2184-91. 2008
..However, specific risk factors for life-threatening cardiac events in children with this genetic disorder have not been identified...
Congenital long QT syndromeLia Crotti
Section of Cardiology, Department of Lung, Blood and Heart, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Orphanet J Rare Dis 3:18. 2008
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Risk of cardiac events in patients with asthma and long-QT syndrome treated with beta(2) agonistsPrincy Thottathil
Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
Am J Cardiol 102:871-4. 2008
..14, p = 0.05). In conclusion, beta(2)-agonist therapy was associated with an increased risk for cardiac events in patients with asthma with LQTS, and this risk was diminished in patients receiving beta blockers...
Long QT syndrome and pregnancyRahul Seth
Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 49:1092-8. 2007
..This study was designed to investigate the clinical course of women with long QT syndrome (LQTS) throughout their potential childbearing years...
Phenotypic variability and unusual clinical severity of congenital long-QT syndrome in a founder populationPaul A Brink
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
Circulation 112:2602-10. 2005
..We are investigating one such founder effect, originating in South Africa in approximately ad 1700 and segregating the same KCNQ1 mutation (A341V)...
Modulating effects of age and gender on the clinical course of long QT syndrome by genotypeWojciech Zareba
Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow Up Program, Medical Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY 14642 8653, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 42:103-9. 2003
..We aimed to determine whether long QT syndrome (LQTS) genotype has a differential effect on clinical course of disease in male and female children and adults after adjustment for QTc duration...
Risk stratification in the long-QT syndromeSilvia G Priori
Department of Molecular Cardiology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione S Maugeri, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
N Engl J Med 348:1866-74. 2003
..We stratified risk according to the genotype, in conjunction with other clinical variables such as sex and the length of the QT interval...
The efficacy of azimilide in the treatment of atrial fibrillation in the presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction: results from the Azimilide Postinfarct Survival Evaluation (ALIVE) trialCraig M Pratt
The Methodist DeBakey Heart Center and Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 43:1211-6. 2004
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Cost-effectiveness of neonatal ECG screening for the long QT syndromeSilvana Quaglini
Department of Computer Science and Systems, University of Pavia, Italy
Eur Heart J 27:1824-32. 2006
..Appropriate therapy will prevent unnecessary deaths in infants, children, and young adults...
Prevalent low-frequency oscillation of heart rate: novel predictor of mortality after myocardial infarctionDan Wichterle
Department of Cardiological Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK
Circulation 110:1183-90. 2004
..02), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: An innovative analysis of frequency-domain HRV, which characterizes the distribution of spectral power within the low-frequency band, is a potent and independent risk stratifier in postinfarction patients...
Counting heart beats: a peephole into prediction of sudden and nonsudden cardiac deathMaria Teresa La Rovere
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14:174-5. 2003
Association of long QT syndrome loci and cardiac events among patients treated with beta-blockersSilvia G Priori
Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS Fondazione Maugeri, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
JAMA 292:1341-4. 2004
..Data on the efficacy of beta-blockers in the 3 most common genetic long QT syndrome (LQTS) loci are limited...
Ca(V)1.2 calcium channel dysfunction causes a multisystem disorder including arrhythmia and autismIgor Splawski
Department of Cardiology, Children s Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
Cell 119:19-31. 2004
..These discoveries establish the importance of Ca(V)1.2 in human physiology and development and implicate Ca(2+) signaling in autism...
25th anniversary of the International Long-QT Syndrome Registry: an ongoing quest to uncover the secrets of long-QT syndromeArthur J Moss
Cardiology Unit of the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
Circulation 111:1199-201. 2005
Increased risk of arrhythmic events in long-QT syndrome with mutations in the pore region of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene potassium channelArthur J Moss
Cardiology Unit of the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
Circulation 105:794-9. 2002
..We investigated the clinical features and prognostic implications of mutations involving pore and nonpore regions of the HERG channel in the LQT2 form of this disorder...
KCNH2-K897T is a genetic modifier of latent congenital long-QT syndromeLia Crotti
Department of Cardiology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 112:1251-8. 2005
..CONCLUSIONS: We have provided evidence that a common KCNH2 polymorphism may modify the clinical expression of a latent LQT2 mutation. A similar mechanism may contribute to the risk for sudden death in more prevalent cardiac diseases...
Allelic variants in long-QT disease genes in patients with drug-associated torsades de pointesPing Yang
Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tenn 37232, USA
Circulation 105:1943-8. 2002
..We have previously identified functionally important DNA variants in genes encoding K+ channel ancillary subunits in 11% of an aLQTS cohort...
Electrocardiographic features in Andersen-Tawil syndrome patients with KCNJ2 mutations: characteristic T-U-wave patterns predict the KCNJ2 genotypeLi Zhang
LDS Hospital, 324 10th Ave, Suite 130, Salt Lake City, Utah 84103, USA
Circulation 111:2720-6. 2005
..The normal QTc, distinct ECG, and other clinical features distinguish ATS1 from long-QT syndrome, and it is best designated as ATS1 rather than LQT7...
Location of mutation in the KCNQ1 and phenotypic presentation of long QT syndromeWojciech Zareba
Cardiology Unit of the Department of Medicine, Heart Research Follow Up Program, Box 653, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14:1149-53. 2003
..The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between the location of mutations in the KCNQ1 gene and cardiac events in LQT1 patients...
Combined sodium and calcium channel blockade in prevention of lethal arrhythmiasPhilip B Adamson
Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Diseases Section, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 41:665-70. 2003
..The combination of I(Na) and I(Ca(L)) channel blockade coupled with partial beta-adrenergic blockade was equally effective in preventing VF as propranolol...
Favourable effects of heart rate reduction with intravenous administration of ivabradine in patients with advanced heart failureGaetano M De Ferrari
Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
Eur J Heart Fail 10:550-5. 2008
..Heart rate (HR) reduction may be useful in treatment of patients with heart failure (HF). There are no data on the haemodynamic effects of ivabradine (a selective I(f) current inhibitor) in advanced HF patients...
Report from the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology for the interpretation of the neonatal electrocardiogramPeter J Schwartz
Cardiol Young 12:592-608. 2002
Exercise-induced increase in baroreflex sensitivity predicts improved prognosis after myocardial infarctionMaria Teresa La Rovere
Centro Medico di Montescano, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 106:945-9. 2002
..04). CONCLUSIONS: Post-MI exercise training can favorably modify long-term survival, provided that it is associated with a clear shift of the autonomic balance toward an increase in vagal activity...
Heterogeneous regional endocardial repolarization is associated with increased risk for ischemia-dependent ventricular fibrillation after myocardial infarctionMichael H Swann
Physiology and Medicine Cardiology Cardiac Arrhythmia Research Institute WK Warren Medical Research Institute, Oklahoma University Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190, USA
J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 14:873-9. 2003
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Prediction of unexpected sudden death among healthy dogs by a novel marker of autonomic neural activityEmilio Vanoli
Section of Cardiology, Department of Lung, Blood and Heart, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Heart Rhythm 5:300-5. 2008
..We have previously shown that autonomic modulation of cardiac arrhythmias and autonomic markers, such as baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and heart rate variability (HRV), carry predictive power after myocardial infarction...
Baroreflex sensitivity predicts long-term cardiovascular mortality after myocardial infarction even in patients with preserved left ventricular functionGaetano M De Ferrari
Department of Cardiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
J Am Coll Cardiol 50:2285-90. 2007
..This study sought to assess the long-term predictive power of depressed baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) among post-myocardial infarction (MI) patients with preserved left ventricular function...
Rapid heart rate increase at onset of exercise predicts adverse cardiac events in patients with coronary artery diseaseColomba Falcone
Department of Lung, Blood, and Heart, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 112:1959-64. 2005
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Atrial fibrillation requiring urgent medical care. Approach and outcome in the various departments of admission. Data from the atrial Fibrillation/flutter Italian REgistry (FIRE)Massimo Santini
Department of Cardiology, San Filippo Neri Hospital, Rome, Italy
Ital Heart J 5:205-13. 2004
..One out of three discharged patients is not in sinus rhythm. There is still a wide gap between evidence-based medicine and real practice in the treatment of patients with AF...
Cumulative experience of azimilide-associated torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia in the 19 clinical studies comprising the azimilide databaseCraig M Pratt
Department of Cardiology, Methodist DeBakey Heart Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
J Am Coll Cardiol 48:471-7. 2006
..The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence, temporal characteristics, and risk factors associated with azimilide-associated torsades de pointes (TdP) ventricular tachycardia...
Heart-rate profile during exercise as a predictor of sudden deathXavier Jouven
Service de cardiologie, Faculté René Descartes, Universite Paris 5, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
N Engl J Med 352:1951-8. 2005
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Mortality due to sudden infant death syndrome in Northern Italy, 1990-2000: a baseline for the assessment of prevention campaignsCristina Montomoli
University of Pavia, Department of Health Sciences, Section of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Pavia, Italy
Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 18:336-43. 2004
..54 per 1000 live births. The incidence of SIDS in Northern Italy appears much lower than anticipated. SIDS remains the single leading cause of death in the first year of life after the early neonatal period...
[Infant mortality and sudden crib death in Lombardy]Maria Cristina Monti
Dipartimento di Scienze Sanitarie Applicate e Psicocomportamentali, Cattedra di cardiologia Università di Pavia, Dipartimento di Cardiologia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia
Epidemiol Prev 28:13-9. 2004
..To estimate the infant mortality rate and the incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) which is not known in Italy...
Mortality in patients after a recent myocardial infarction: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of azimilide using heart rate variability for risk stratificationA John Camm
Department of Cardiology, St George s Hospital, London, UK
Circulation 109:990-6. 2004
..Azimilide, a novel class III antiarrhythmic drug, was investigated for its effects on mortality in patients with depressed LVF after recent MI and in a subpopulation of patients with low HRV...
Cardiac arrhythmias of genetic origin are important contributors to sudden infant death syndromePeter J Schwartz
Heart Rhythm 4:740-2. 2007
The common long-QT syndrome mutation KCNQ1/A341V causes unusually severe clinical manifestations in patients with different ethnic backgrounds: toward a mutation-specific risk stratificationLia Crotti
Section of Cardiology, Department of Lung, Blood and Heart, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Circulation 116:2366-75. 2007
..We tested whether the arrhythmic risk was caused directly by A341V or by its presence in the specific ethnic setting of the SA families...
Heart rate turbulence-based predictors of fatal and nonfatal cardiac arrest (The Autonomic Tone and Reflexes After Myocardial Infarction substudy)Azad Ghuran
Department of Cardiological and Public Health Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom
Am J Cardiol 89:184-90. 2002
..By combining HR turbulence, BRS, and SDNN, a comprehensive assessment of cardiac autonomic reflexes and modulation can be obtained...