T Roehrs

..The important remaining question is whether, and how, the efficacy and safety of the BZRAs change with chronic use...

..This study assessed the characteristics of the prescriptions for insomnia and of the patients receiving those prescriptions...

..Drug was chosen on 88% of days after 4 hr, but only 29% of days after 8 hr. Preference for the drug depends on sleepiness and is mediated by performance-enhancing and fatigue-altering effects...

..To assess the effect of sleep loss and the effect of a sedating drug on waking actigraphy..

..The risks to sleep and alertness of regular caffeine use are greatly underestimated by both the general population and physicians...

..The aims were to determine whether sleepiness and ethanol degrade psychomotor speed and risky choice and whether caffeine attenuates these effects...

..Previous studies have shown that insomniacs self-administer hypnotics at high nightly rates. This study assessed whether insomniacs' self-administration of hypnotics extended to the daytime...

..This study compared the "dose"-related sedative, performance-impairing, and amnestic effects of sleep loss to those of ethanol ingestion...

..We report the first data showing, in healthy, pain-free, individuals, that modest reductions of sleep time and specific loss of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep produces hyperalgesia the following morning...

..Given the higher prevalence of sleep-related breathing disturbance in men, this study assessed sex differences in sleep in a large, non-clinical sample of adults and controlled for primary sleep disorders...

..These results indicate that sleepiness modulates the reinforcing and subjective effects of methylphenidate...

..In contrast, for narcoleptic patients the beneficial effects of the nap were lost when tested 3 hours later. These results show that narcoleptic patients benefit from a longer nap but that these benefits are short-lived...

..The data were interpreted as indicating that the sleepy subjects had a sleep debt due to chronic sleep restriction...

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..Further investigations into the determinants of multiple SOREMPs and their reliability among asymptomatic populations are warranted...

..This differential rate of decline in AATs is suggested to be related to the differences in sleep homeostasis among alert and sleepy individuals...

..This tendency may be exacerbated by other factors (e.g., personality disorder, periodic leg movements) also associated with insomnia...

..CONCLUSIONS: The data of this study are consistent with the view that hypnotic self-administration by insomniacs is therapy-seeking behavior and not drug abuse...

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..This study investigated changes in MSLT scores and recovery sleep following total sleep deprivation in subjects with insomnia as compared to normal sleepers...

..5 hours. Ethanol reached zero, but triazolam and diphenhydramine did not. Continued sedation (sedative effects after plasma concentration reached zero) was observed with ethanol...

..In the present study we evaluated the characteristics of sleep-onset detection (during daytime nap opportunities) as a function of differing sleep lengths among healthy, asymptomatic subjects...

..These deficits in psychomotor and attention appear to be specifically related to patients group (OSAS vs. COPD), but the other deficits found in complex reasoning and memory are nonspecific...

..However, sleepy subjects never achieved the baseline level of sleepiness/alertness seen in the alert subjects...

..The relation between nocturnal sleep efficiency and daytime sleepiness suggests that the increased sleepiness of average young adults is due to mild sleep restriction...

..5-mg and 10-mg zolpidem dose groups and placebo. This study demonstrates that zolpidem at 7.5 mg and 10 mg is effective in the treatment of transient insomnia...

..Their short average daily sleep latency was a result of causes other than chronic insufficient sleep...

..Although the natural sleep provided recuperation relative to no sleep or fragmented sleep, it did not restore daytime sleepiness to the screening level...

..During the late phase, flurazepam did not disrupt performance but still affected the MSLT. Temazepam affected neither index the next day during the late phase...

..2) among those who use these substances for sleep problems, what are the patterns of use? and (3) are there social factors, independent of sleep characteristics, that increase the likelihood of alcohol and medication use to aid sleep?..

..This review will describe normal sleep physiology and its regulation as well as the major disorders of sleep and their underlying pathophysiology...

..To determine the presence of a hypothesized trait vulnerability to sleep disturbance and hyperarousal...

..In this condition latencies were similar to those of the caffeine and 5- or 8-h TIBs...

..However, as the number of tests comprising the MSLT was reduced below three, the reliability was reduced such that only 50% or less of the variance could be predicted...

..The mechanism by which REM deprivation exerts its alerting effects is unknown and will require future research...

..Alcohol's effects on other physiological functions during sleep have yet to be documented thoroughly and unequivocally...

..To determine the sleep response to caffeine in individuals vulnerable to stress-related sleep disturbance as measured by polysomnography...

..Thus, caffeine, similar to other stimulants, can reverse the physiologically sedating effects of ethanol, although other negative effects remain...

..Studies have reported approximately 30% of insomniacs self-medicate with alcohol or over-the-counter (OTC) medications. This study was done to identify determinants and risks of different insomnia therapeutics...

..All currently available agents, while effective and safe, do not achieve this ideal. The next few years are likely to see the appearance of a variety of agents with new and promising mechanisms of action...

..The most consistent impact of insomnia is a high risk of depression...

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..The present study was designed to determine the relative prevalence and negative consequences associated with shift work sleep disorder in a representative sample drawn from the working population of metropolitan Detroit...

..The inadequate treatment of insomnia leads to several important and under-recognized consequences including subsequent development of psychiatric disease and increased substance use...

..This study was designed to establish the effects of acute MDMA or placebo administration and sleep restriction on sleep and daytime sleepiness...

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..To assess the association between nightly total sleep time (TST) and obesity in an epidemiologic sample of metropolitan Detroit, Michigan...

..The present study was designed to assess selected aspects of sleep hygiene from a population-based sample of individuals with insomnia compared to age- and sex-matched controls...

..These insights have implications for managing chronic primary insomnia, such as use of antiglucocorticoid agents...

..The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of DMV documented crashes as a function of physiological sleepiness in a population-based sample...

..Few of the treatment studies have done such, and as a result no clear consensus on treatment approaches, much less on differential etiology-based treatment strategies, has emerged...

..To determine whether hot flashes produce sleep disturbance in postmenopausal women...

..A double-blind placebo-controlled study of eszopiclone found significant, sustained improvement in sleep and daytime function. The 6-month open-label extension phase is described herein...

..The EEG increase and its attenuation by naloxone agree with preclinical evidence and suggest that SA-related EEG responses were mediated by opioid receptors...

..To determine whether hot flashes produce disordered sleep in symptomatic postmenopausal women...

..While other antihistamines and dosing regimens may differ, these results suggest that tolerance to the sedation produced by these drugs develops with remarkable rapidity...

..The present investigation combined data across three studies of residual alcohol effects to establish the properties of a new Acute Hangover Scale (AHS) based on symptoms supported in previous lab studies...

..To determine the sources of sleep complaints in peri- and postmenopausal women reporting disturbed sleep...

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..And finally during year five the interaction of behavioral demand placed on subjects and different levels of sleepiness-alertness will be the focus. ..