Jurgen Rehm

..Such a trial should have the goal of investigating the potential of heroin substitution to significantly reduce the health and social costs to Canadians from illicit opiate use...

..Two forms of institutionalized pressure to treatment can be distinguished in Switzerland: civil commitment and court referral. In court referral, the referred patient has the right to refuse treatment...

..To make quantitative estimates of the burden of disease attributable to alcohol in the year 2000 on a global basis...

..Russia was added as an external comparator...

..6. A mixture of prevention and harm reduction measures is proposed to reduce the burden of morbidity associated with drug use...

..abstract:..

..Acceptable thresholds will be different if the risk is to oneself or to others...

..For this analysis, the Canadian population in 2005 was used as the reference population...

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..It is well-established that smoking and depression are associated in adolescents, but the temporal ordering of the association is subject to debate...

..This paper presents a systematic method to compute the 95% confidence intervals of alcohol-attributable fractions (AAFs) with exposure and risk relations stemming from different sources...

..The cut-off corresponding to the Youden-Index is often applied in epidemiology and biomedical literature for dichotomizing a continuous risk indicator...

..15 mg/l. This study aims to estimate human exposure in Brazil and provide a quantitative risk assessment...

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..The methodology is applied to estimate global alcohol exposure for the year 2002. Finally, assumptions and potential problems of the approach are discussed...

..To make quantitative estimates on a global basis of exposure of disease-relevant dimensions of alcohol consumption, i.e. average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking...

..AAFs were estimated as a function of prevalence of exposure and relative risk, or from combining the aggregate multi-level analyses with prevalence data...

..rural and AUD prevalence. The discussion highlights potential explanations for the high variability of prevalence between countries, and the fact, that AUD constitute only a small part of all alcohol-related harm...

..To estimate the prevalence of drug use disorders in the European Union and Norway...

..Alcohol consumption is a factor that increases risk of chronic disease. This study estimates various indicators of alcohol-attributable premature chronic-disease morbidity and mortality for Canada in 2002...

..The burden of disease attributable to the use of legal substances clearly outweighed the use of illegal drugs. A large part of the substance-attributable burden would be avoidable if known effective interventions were implemented...

..The impetus to begin refining methods to obtain better starting points for estimating avoidable burden of disease is obvious and should be carried through in order to see real changes through evidence-based policy and intervention...

..Alcohol is one of the most important risk factors for burden of disease...

..The aim of this study was to estimate costs attributable to substance use and misuse in Canada in 2002...

..To describe patterns of alcohol consumption in the Americas, to estimate the burden of disease attributable to alcohol in the year 2000, and to suggest implications for policies to reduce alcohol-related disease burden...

..To test the hypotheses that average volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking, each influence alcohol-related problems and that both act at individual and aggregate levels...

..A major goal of heroin-assisted treatment in Switzerland has been to reduce the drug-related mortality of heroin users. Therefore, a continuous monitoring of deaths under treatment is essential...

..In this overview we identify the pathways in the relationship between alcohol policy and addiction, present the empirical evidence, and draw conclusions. Special emphasis will be put on treatment policy...

..To address these questions and to provide a quantitative assessment of the association between alcohol intake and risk of liver cirrhosis, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies...

..Adjustment for differences in alcohol intake had negligible effects on reducing the differences in mean non-HDL cholesterol...

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..We argue for the continuation of this successful model of integrating basic, epidemiological, clinical, health service and prevention research under the roof of a health centre...

..This contribution aims to examine systematically the evidence on the impact of the quality of unrecorded alcohol products on health consequences...

..abstract:..

..The aim of this paper is to propose a system of indicators for alcohol consumption and attributable harm which can be used as an over-time monitoring tool at the country level as well as for comparisons between countries...

..To describe three aspects of the epidemiology of alcohol-attributable deaths in Europe, dose, demography and place, and to illustrate how such knowledge can better be used to inform alcohol policy formulation and implementation...

..As both sources have significant problems, this paper presents an approach that triangulates information from both sources into disaggregated estimates in line with the overall level of per capita consumption...

..The US study received the collaboration of experts from more than 20 institutes of the National Institutes of Health and of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. First results will be available by the end of this year...

..8%) and 2.2% of global burden of disease (men 2.7%; women 1.7%). The present work portrays accumulated evidence on the association between alcohol consumption and TB with the aim to clarify the nature of the relationship...

..Heroin-assisted substitution treatment for severely opioid-dependent drug users has been available in Switzerland since 1994. Our aim was to ascertain the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this treatment...

..This may include improved forms of international funding of groups of researchers from different countries, where each national group conducts a specific part of an integrated proposal...

..Overall, we conclude that alcohol consumption is one of the major avoidable risk factors, and actions to reduce burden and costs associated with alcohol should be urgently increased...

..Establishing multiple measurement points and including irregular lifetime light drinkers with lifetime abstainers as the comparison group are recommended for future epidemiologic studies...

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..Differentiated interventions are required...

..Smoking is one of the most important risk factors for burden of disease. Our objective was to estimate the number of hospital diagnoses and days of treatment attributable to smoking for Canada, 2002...

..The purpose of this article was to estimate the number of hospitalizations, hospital days, and the resulting costs attributable to alcohol for Canada in 2002...

..Using data from a multi-site cohort study of illicit opioid users in five Canadian cities (OPICAN), this paper explores the prevalence and predictors of HCV status in this high-risk population...

..This contribution analyses the course of dose levels during the treatment period...

..The objective of this paper is to empirically determine a categorization of illegal opioid users in Canada in order to describe and analyze drug use patterns within this population...

..Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance worldwide. The aim of the present study was to assess self-reported Quality of Life (QoL) among cannabis users in a large representative sample...

..To examine possible differences between crack users and crack non-users across Canada...

..Broad summary measures that reflect alcohol's possible effects on morbidity, mortality, and disability may be more useful than measures of any one outcome alone...

..This study aimed to estimate the number of non-medical prescription opioid (PO) users in the general and street drug using populations in Canada...

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..Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been the 'gold standard' pharmacotherapy treatment for illicit opioid dependence for over 30 years. It has been widely evaluated, and is generally claimed to be 'effective'...

..In order to reduce the HCV disease burden, Canada needs to reconsider the scope, delivery and resourcing of both preventive and treatment interventions targeting the primary risk population of illicit drug users...

..A high alcohol intake is significantly associated with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, but less is known about the effects of moderate consumption, specifically moderate average volume of alcohol consumption...

..Out results highlight the importance of taking into account direct functional and emotional outcomes, as well as frequency of cannabis used, when assessing the impact of cannabis use among individuals with anxiety disorders...

..This meta-analysis is the first to explicitly separate morbidity and mortality of alcohol-attributable stroke and thus has implications for public health and prevention...

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..The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of the privatisation of alcohol sales on the burden and direct health-care, law enforcement costs and indirect costs (lost productivity due to disability or premature mortality) in Canada...

..The objective of this study was to investigate the association between heavy drinking occasions and IHD mortality while controlling for average daily alcohol intake and separating former drinkers from lifetime abstainers...

..To analyze the dose-response relationship between average daily alcohol consumption and the risk of hypertension via systematic review and meta-analysis...

..Alcohol causes a considerable criminal burden on the Canadian society. The purpose of this study is to estimate the avoidable burden and avoidable costs of alcohol-attributable criminality in Canada for the year 2002...

..Given the current political climate and the tentative position of SIFs and HAT in Canada, understanding the public's opinion is crucial for the feasibility and long-term sustainability of these interventions...

..This analysis aimed to estimate the burden of disease and injury caused and prevented by alcohol in 2004 for Canadians aged 0-69 years and compare the effects of different magnitudes of adjustment of survey data on these estimates...

..This review attempts to fill a gap in the literature surrounding moderate alcohol consumption...

..Absolute risk reflects long-term effects of drinking patterns and is important for risk-communication and alcohol-control policy...

..Hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains very prevalent in injection drug users (IDUs). In spite of recommended vaccinations against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), many IDUs remain susceptible to HAV and HBV...

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..Using a longitudinal design, this study examined the impact of decreased cigarette price, resulting from tobacco tax cuts, on smoking initiation among Canadian young adults aged 20 to 24 years...

..Cigarette smoking is a major contributor to mortality in Canada and its impact on Canadian society continues to be an unacceptable burden...

..Our results reinforce the need to explore potential interventions aimed at preventing the transition from non-injectors to injecting, or facilitating the transition of injectors to non-injecting, as initiated in several other contexts...

..To describe the volume of alcohol consumption and patterns of drinking in the World Health Organization (WHO) European regions in 2002 and to estimate quantitatively the burden of disease attributable to alcohol in that year...

..The study aimed to explore the possible causal nature of the association between alcohol consumption and HIV/AIDS...

..Heroin-assisted treatment is thus efficacious in the long-term course of treatment and is still effective after termination of treatment with respect to living conditions and use of illicit substances...

..To check how the monitored indicator of average volume relates to prevalence of alcohol dependence. To discuss conclusions for establishing a global monitoring system...

..Cuxa is a sugarcane-derived spirit, in part produced clandestinely, that has been distributed in the community for several decades...

..Cannabis use has been linked to anxiety and mood disorders (AMD) in clinical cases, but little research on this relationship has been reported at the epidemiological level...

..To assess the efficacy and safety of orally administered heroin [diacetylmorphine (DAM)] tablets in substitution treatment of severely addicted opioid users...

..e. 12 or more drinks, at least eight drinks but less than 12, etc.)...

..To propose and test a new classification system for characterising legislator support for various tobacco control policies...

..Thus, social context appears to be an important influence on risk-related behaviour, and should be taken into account in approaches designed to promote health behaviours...

..To project the consequences of privatizing or deregulating current alcohol retail monopolies in Ontario, Canada...

..However, these relationships are not independent of each other and this multidimensionality is often mishandled or not taken into consideration at all in current alcohol epidemiology...

..In addition, we emphasize the need for improved methodologies and standardized methods for assessing drinking patterns. Finally, implications of research on drinking patterns for policy and programme development are discussed...

..A comprehensive review of cost drivers associated with alcohol abuse, heavy drinking, and alcohol dependence for high-income countries was conducted...

..Although a sizable reduction in the number of hospital days and accumulated costs could be achieved, overall these interventions would reduce less than 3% of all tobacco-attributable costs in Canada...

..AIMS, DESIGN AND SETTING: The economic costs of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs in Canadian society in 1992 are estimated utilizing a cost-of-illness framework and recently developed international guidelines...

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..0%) and the utilization of health care (6.1%). Applying the $13,100 cost to the estimated 8,000 to 13,000 users and 2.456 million residents living in Toronto yields a range of social cost between $43 and $69 per capita...

..Since patterns of drinking are important in determining CHD risk, they should be included in future epidemiologic studies, together with biomarkers further to test hypotheses about pathways...

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..This paper suggests minimal standards to conduct such analyses with respect to validity and reliability of underlying data, statistical techniques and requirements and interpretation of results...

..Thus, research at the population level has to be integrated with individual epidemiological research in order to come up with the best advice for the population in any given society...

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..Comparative data across provinces and territories is almost entirely absent. This study was designed to provide an overview of illegal opioid use and health services utilization among illegal opioid users across Canada...