D Aarsland

..Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and have important clinical consequences for patients, caregivers and society. Few studies of neuropsychiatric symptoms in early untreated PD exist...

..Visual hallucinations appear to predict more rapid decline and possibly greater therapeutic benefit from rivastigmine treatment in PDD...

..Based on the characteristic features associated with this condition, clinical diagnostic criteria for probable and possible PD-D are proposed...

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..However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age...

..The estimated prevalence of PDD in the general population aged 65 years and over is 0.2 to 0.5%...

..More studies are needed to clarify the role of cholinergic and other psychotropic agents as well as nonpharmacologic interventions for psychiatric and behavioral symptoms in patients with dementia...

..To explore the profile of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PDD)...

..To examine the occurrence and clinical and demographic correlates of REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) in a community-based cohort over 8 years...

..To compare the profile of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) and patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD)...

..The aim of this study was to explore the proportion with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and subtypes in an incidence cohort of untreated PD in Southern and Western Norway...

..The objective of this study was to describe the range of neuropsychiatric symptoms in a representative sample of patients with Parkinson's disease...

..However, the absolute risk of dementia and how it affects survival in PD are not known. Such questions are important for patients, their families, and service providers but require long-term studies...

..To compare the frequency and clinical correlates of neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with and without dementia and in those with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB)...

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..In studies of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Parkinson disease (PD), patients without dementia have reported variable prevalences and profiles of MCI, likely to be due to methodologic differences between the studies...

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..To calculate the incidence of and determine possible risk factors for dementia in PD...

..To investigate the effects of attentional deficits on activities of daily living (ADL) in patients with dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PDD)...

..Six subjects (29%) discontinued treatment prematurely because of drowsiness. Delusions and hallucinations improved significantly, and 80% were rated as much or very much improved. There was no worsening of parkinsonism or cognition...

..We investigated caregiver distress associated with neuropsychiatric problems in patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease (PD)...

..To examine associated demographic and clinical correlates and the development of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) over 8 years in a community-based cohort of patients with Parkinson disease (PD)...

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..However, the prevalence and clinical features of these symptoms have not been studied in a representative sample...

..The association between apathy and intrusions supports the hypothesis that lesions in frontal areas or frontal connections contribute to a specific neuropsychiatric syndrome in patients with MS...

..The relation between dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD) is unknown...

..Apathy is a common but under-recognised behavioural disorder associated with depression and cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson disease (PD). However, the longitudinal course of apathy in PD has not been studied...

..International comparative studies offer special advantages in elucidating environmental risk factors by providing a wider diversity of environmental exposures such as nursing home structures, health care systems and genetic diversity...

..To investigate the inter-relationship of neuropsychiatric disturbances in Parkinson's disease (PD) by cluster analysis and describe the properties of the clusters...

..The aim of this study is to investigate the association of psychosocial factors and patient factors with stress in care staff in nursing homes...

..To examine the development of nocturnal sleeping problems in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) over an 8-year period and to study the clinical and demographic correlates of insomnia...

..To determine the emotional and social distress of caring for a patient with Parkinson's disease and to explore the impact of motor and mental symptoms in subjects with Parkinson's disease on their caregivers' situation...

..Severity of EPS correlated with age, duration of disease, and cognitive impairment in PD patients but not in DLB patients. Studies of the clinical significance and management of EPS in DLB patients are needed...

..Our results indicate that the early development of dementia in PD is associated with more severe degeneration of cortical and sub-cortical structures...

..To study the safety and efficacy of the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and cognitive impairment...

..Our results indicate that the familial aggregation of the disease is independent of the age of the proband...

..During follow-up, 30 new patients had EDS (6% new patients per year). In 1997, 29% of the patients with PD had EDS. The development of EDS correlated with more advanced disease and dementia...

..The objective of this study was to explore the load of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in patients with Lewy body dementia (LBD) and compare to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal controls (NC)...

..To compare neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies(DLB)...

..01) than SLE patients. CONCLUSION: Neuropsychiatric symptoms occur frequently in patients with MS. Irritability and apathy are independent of disability and chronic disease and represent unique disease manifestations...

..Use of restraint amongst institutionalised elderly with dementia and problem behaviour not only remains widespread, but also appears to be accepted as inevitable...

..The CGIS is suggested as a secondary outcome scale to measure change and response to treatment over time...

..A score of 2 or more on the motivation/initiative item was adequate to screen for apathy, whereas a score of 4 had high diagnostic accuracy at the cost of unacceptable low sensitivity...

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..A variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms commonly occur in Parkinson's disease. Extensive research the last 10 years has provided new knowledge in the field...

..However, the marked cognitive decline in 2 patients carrying intermediate-size alleles points to a possible association. More studies with larger PD samples are warranted...

..To explore the relationship between nursing home patients with different stages of dementia and different dementia diagnoses and use of pain medication according to pain intensity...

..Psychosis, agitation, apathy and depression were assessed using standardised measures in 32 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease...

..We conducted a study using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to explore the pattern of cortical atrophy in DLB and PDD...

..Our aim was to identify biomarkers that may differentiate DLB from Alzheimer's disease (AD)...

..We accept, however, that further validation of certain tests and modifications in the recommended cut off values will be required through future studies...

..To compare the profile of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) with dementia associated with Parkinson's disease (PDD)...

..These criteria require validation and may be refined, but form a starting point for studies of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of PDPsy, and are a potential indication for therapy development...

..We studied the level of distress in caregivers of patients with recently diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS), and their relation to clinical characteristics...

..This study strongly suggests that Lewy body disease is the main substrate driving the progression of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease...

..These findings suggest that in some patients with PDD, frontosubcortical changes are the main contributing factor to dementia, whereas in other patients, cortical and hippocampal changes are more important...

..This finding may have important clinical implications as a marker of subsequent development of dementia...

..CONCLUSIONS: An operationalized evaluation of severe NSR blind to diagnosis confirmed the high prevalence in DLB and identified high frequencies in Parkinson's disease and PDD with important implications for clinical practice...

..Cholinergic deficits are prominent in patients who have dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. We investigated the effects of the dual cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine in such patients...

..There was an advance of the activity rhythm acrophase during treatment. These results suggest that short-time bright light improves behavioral symptoms and aspects of activity rhythm disturbances even in severely demented subjects...

..Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is a common form of late-life dementia that can be difficult to differentiate from other disorders, especially Alzheimer disease (AD), during life. At autopsy the striatal dopaminergic transporter is reduced...

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..Clear guidance on the management of DLB is urgently needed. Virtually unrecognised 20 years ago, DLB could within this decade be one of the most treatable neurodegenerative disorders of late life...

..Few longitudinal studies of dementia in Parkinson disease (PD) have been reported, and the proportion of patients with PD who eventually develop dementia is unknown...

..Identification of mild cognitive impairment is important, since these symptoms are important for patient management and may also facilitate to determine prognosis...

..To investigate risk factors and the rate of progression of motor symptoms and disability in a population-based cohort of patients with Parkinson disease (PD)...

..66-0.69). Covariates of this factor were identified using structural equation modeling (SEM) by regression on patient's age, gender, cognitive function (MMSE), activities of daily living (ADL) and depressive symptoms (MADRS)...

..Our findings suggest that WMH in the deep white matter may contribute to dementia in PD...

..Non-pharmacological interventions can also be effective but require further study...

..Further studies with larger samples are needed to explore a possible relationship between a family history of PD and development of dementia in PD and its potential pathogenetic mechanisms...

..Dementia is common in Parkinson's disease, but the underlying brain pathology is not yet fully understood...

..There is a convincing genetic overlap between both syndromes, suggesting that they share a common etiological factor...

..05). This study demonstrates distinct combinations of subunits contributing to heteromeric nicotinic receptor binding in the human brain that are area/pathway specific and differentially affected by neurodegeneration...

..However, these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the relatively small number of subjects included in this study...

..These findings raise the question whether PIGD and dementia share common or parallel neuropathology...

..CONCLUSION: The profile of depressive symptoms in PD differs from that in depressed subjects without PD. This finding is important for the conceptualisation and clinical diagnosis of depression in PD...

..This systematic review suggests that the average prevalence of major depressive disorder in PD is substantial, but lower than generally assumed...

..These findings show that significant thalamic presynaptic cholinergic deficits occur only in cases of combined cortical and subcortical neurodegeneration in which dementia developed after prolonged parkinsonism...

..Although some placebo-controlled trials have been published recently, no established treatments are currently available for these symptoms (85) (see Table 5-2), and thus future clinical trials are needed...