Andrew D Oxman

Summary

Country: Norway

Publications

  1. ncbi The OFF theory of research utilization
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Health Services Research Centre, Informed Choice Research Department, PO Box 7004, St. Olavs plass, Oslo, Norway
    J Clin Epidemiol 58:113-6; discussion 117-20. 2005
  2. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 4: Using research evidence to clarify a problem
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S4. 2009
  3. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 13: Preparing and using policy briefs to support evidence-informed policymaking
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S13. 2009
  4. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 14: Organising and using policy dialogues to support evidence-informed policymaking
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S14. 2009
  5. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 9: Assessing the applicability of the findings of a systematic review
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S9. 2009
  6. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 7: Finding systematic reviews
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S7. 2009
  7. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 5: Using research evidence to frame options to address a problem
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S5. 2009
  8. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 3: Setting priorities for supporting evidence-informed policymaking
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S3. 2009
  9. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP)
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Political Science, McMaster University, 1200 Main St, West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:I1. 2009
  10. ncbi Tailored Implementation For Chronic Diseases (TICD): a project protocol
    Michel Wensing
    Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    Implement Sci 6:103. 2011

Detail Information

Publications70

  1. ncbi The OFF theory of research utilization
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Health Services Research Centre, Informed Choice Research Department, PO Box 7004, St. Olavs plass, Oslo, Norway
    J Clin Epidemiol 58:113-6; discussion 117-20. 2005
  2. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 4: Using research evidence to clarify a problem
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S4. 2009
    ..What comparisons can be made to establish the magnitude of the problem and to measure progress in addressing it? 5. How can the problem be framed (or described) in a way that will motivate different groups?..
  3. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 13: Preparing and using policy briefs to support evidence-informed policymaking
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S13. 2009
    ..Does the policy brief employ a graded-entry format? 6. Was the policy brief reviewed for both scientific quality and system relevance?..
  4. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 14: Organising and using policy dialogues to support evidence-informed policymaking
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S14. 2009
    ..Does the dialogue engage a facilitator, follow a rule about not attributing comments to individuals, and not aim for consensus? 6. Are outputs produced and follow-up activities undertaken to support action?..
  5. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 9: Assessing the applicability of the findings of a systematic review
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S9. 2009
    ....
  6. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 7: Finding systematic reviews
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S7. 2009
    ..These are: 1. Is a systematic review really what is needed? 2. What databases and search strategies can be used to find relevant systematic reviews? 3. What alternatives are available when no relevant review can be found?..
  7. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 5: Using research evidence to frame options to address a problem
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S5. 2009
    ..What adaptations might be made to any given option and could they alter its benefits, harms and costs? 6. Which stakeholder views and experiences might influence an option's acceptability and its benefits, harms, and costs?..
  8. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 3: Setting priorities for supporting evidence-informed policymaking
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, 1200 Main St West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S3. 2009
    ..Does the approach incorporate an explicit process for determining priorities? 4. Does the approach incorporate a communications strategy and a monitoring and evaluation plan?..
  9. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP)
    John N Lavis
    Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Department of Political Science, McMaster University, 1200 Main St, West, HSC 2D3, Hamilton, ON, Canada, L8N 3Z5
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:I1. 2009
    ..Additional information resources are listed and described in every article. The evaluation of ways to support evidence-informed health policymaking is a developing field and feedback about how to improve the series is welcome...
  10. ncbi Tailored Implementation For Chronic Diseases (TICD): a project protocol
    Michel Wensing
    Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Nijmegen, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
    Implement Sci 6:103. 2011
    ....
  11. ncbi Translating research into policy: lessons learned from eclampsia treatment and malaria control in three southern African countries
    Godfrey Woelk
    Department of Community Medicine, University of Zimbabwe, PO Box A178 Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:31. 2009
    ....
  12. ncbi Rational Prescribing in Primary Care (RaPP-trial). A randomised trial of a tailored intervention to improve prescribing of antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering drugs in general practice [ISRCTN48751230]
    Atle Fretheim
    Department of Health Services Research, Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs, N 0031 Oslo, Norway
    BMC Health Serv Res 3:5. 2003
    ....
  13. ncbi The potential savings of using thiazides as the first choice antihypertensive drug: cost-minimisation analysis
    Atle Fretheim
    Department of Health Services Research, Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs, N 0031 Oslo, Norway
    BMC Health Serv Res 3:18. 2003
    ..Despite this, the use of thiazides is much lower than that of other drug-classes. We wanted to estimate the potential for savings if thiazides were used as the first choice drug for the management of uncomplicated hypertension...
  14. ncbi Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations II: pilot study of a new system
    David Atkins
    Center for Practice and Technology Assessment, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 540 Gaither Rd Rokville, MD 20852, USA
    BMC Health Serv Res 5:25. 2005
    ..The GRADE Working Group has developed an approach that addresses key shortcomings in these systems. The aim of this study was to pilot test and further develop the GRADE approach to grading evidence and recommendations...
  15. ncbi Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations I: critical appraisal of existing approaches The GRADE Working Group
    David Atkins
    Center for Practice and Technology Assessment, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 540 Gaither Rd Rockville, MD 20852, USA
    BMC Health Serv Res 4:38. 2004
    ....
  16. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 10: Taking equity into consideration when assessing the findings of a systematic review
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S10. 2009
    ..Are there important considerations that should be made when implementing the option in order to ensure that inequities are reduced, if possible, and that they are not increased?..
  17. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 12: Finding and using research evidence about resource use and costs
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S12. 2009
    ..What evidence is there for important impacts on resource use? 3. How confident is it possible to be in the evidence for impacts on resource use? 4. Have the impacts on resource use been valued appropriately in terms of their true costs?..
  18. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 1: What is evidence-informed policymaking?
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S1. 2009
    ..Evidence-informed policymaking helps policymakers gain an understanding of these processes...
  19. ncbi A televised, web-based randomised trial of an herbal remedy (valerian) for insomnia
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    PLoS ONE 2:e1040. 2007
    ..Valerian is an herbal over-the-counter drug that is widely used for insomnia. Systematic reviews have found inconsistent and inconclusive results about its effects...
  20. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 2: Improving how your organisation supports the use of research evidence to inform policymaking
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S2. 2009
    ..What strategies should be used to ensure the use of systematic and transparent methods for accessing, appraising and using research evidence? 5. What strategies should be used to ensure adequate capacity to employ these methods?..
  21. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 15: Engaging the public in evidence-informed policymaking
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S15. 2009
    ..What strategies can be used when working with civil society groups to inform and engage them in policy development and implementation? 3. What methods can be used to involve consumers in policy development and implementation?..
  22. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 16: Using research evidence in balancing the pros and cons of policies
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S16. 2009
    ..How confident can policymakers and others be in the estimated impacts? 5. Is a formal economic model likely to facilitate decision making?..
  23. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 17: Dealing with insufficient research evidence
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S17. 2009
    ..Has inconclusive evidence been misinterpreted as evidence of no effect? 3. Is it possible to be confident about a decision despite a lack of evidence? 4. Is the option potentially harmful, ineffective or not worth the cost?..
  24. ncbi Can paying for results help to achieve the Millennium Development Goals? Overview of the effectiveness of results-based financing
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    J Evid Based Med 2:70-83. 2009
    ..Results-based financing is widely advocated for achieving health goals, including the Millennium Development Goals...
  25. ncbi Can paying for results help to achieve the Millennium Development Goals? A critical review of selected evaluations of results-based financing
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    J Evid Based Med 2:184-95. 2009
    ..RBF is being promoted for helping to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)...
  26. ncbi Use of evidence in WHO recommendations
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, PO Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Lancet 369:1883-9. 2007
    ..We examined the use of evidence, particularly evidence of effects, in recommendations developed by WHO departments...
  27. ncbi A surrealistic mega-analysis of redisorganization theories
    Andrew D Oxman
    Norwegian Centre for Health Services Research, Pb 7004, St Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
    J R Soc Med 98:563-8. 2005
    ..We are sick and tired of being redisorganized...
  28. ncbi A field guide to experts
    Andrew D Oxman
    Informed Choice Research Department, Norwegian Health Services Research Centre, PO Box 0130, Oslo, Norway
    BMJ 329:1460-3. 2004
  29. ncbi The effect of how outcomes are framed on decisions about whether to take antihypertensive medication: a randomized trial
    Cheryl L L Carling
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    PLoS ONE 5:e9469. 2010
    ....
  30. ncbi Rational prescribing in primary care (RaPP): a cluster randomized trial of a tailored intervention
    Atle Fretheim
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    PLoS Med 3:e134. 2006
    ..We evaluated the effects of a tailored intervention to support the implementation of systematically developed guidelines for the use of antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering drugs for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease...
  31. ncbi Rational prescribing in primary care (RaPP): economic evaluation of an intervention to improve professional practice
    Atle Fretheim
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    PLoS Med 3:e216. 2006
    ..The increased use of thiazides was not expected to have an impact on health outcomes...
  32. ncbi The effect of alternative graphical displays used to present the benefits of antibiotics for sore throat on decisions about whether to seek treatment: a randomized trial
    Cheryl L L Carling
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    PLoS Med 6:e1000140. 2009
    ..Our objective was to determine which display resulted in choices most consistent with participants' values...
  33. ncbi How should the impact of different presentations of treatment effects on patient choice be evaluated? A pilot randomized trial
    Cheryl Carling
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    PLoS ONE 3:e3693. 2008
    ..However, previous studies have not evaluated which presentations best help people make decisions that are consistent with their own values. We undertook a pilot study to compare different methods for doing this...
  34. ncbi The effects of mandatory prescribing of thiazides for newly treated, uncomplicated hypertension: interrupted time-series analysis
    Atle Fretheim
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    PLoS Med 4:e232. 2007
    ..The objective of the new regulation was to reduce drug expenditures...
  35. ncbi Summary-of-findings tables in Cochrane reviews improved understanding and rapid retrieval of key information
    Sarah E Rosenbaum
    Department of Communication, Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    J Clin Epidemiol 63:620-6. 2010
    ..To measure the effects of a summary-of-findings (SoF) table on user satisfaction, understanding, and time spent finding key results in a Cochrane review...
  36. ncbi Translating research into policy and practice in developing countries: a case study of magnesium sulphate for pre-eclampsia
    Morten Aaserud
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for Health Services, Box 7004 St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    BMC Health Serv Res 5:68. 2005
    ..The objective of this study was to examine the factors that might affect the translation of randomised controlled trial (RCT) findings into policies and practice in developing countries...
  37. ncbi SUPPORT tools for evidence-informed policymaking in health 6: Using research evidence to address how an option will be implemented
    Atle Fretheim
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S6. 2009
    ..What strategies should be considered in planning the implementation of a new policy in order to facilitate the necessary systems changes?..
  38. ncbi International variation in prescribing antihypertensive drugs: its extent and possible explanations
    Atle Fretheim
    Informed Choice Research Department, Norwegian Health Services Research Centre, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, Oslo, Norway
    BMC Health Serv Res 5:21. 2005
    ..We wanted to describe prescribing patterns of antihypertensive drugs in ten countries and explore possible reasons for inter-country variation...
  39. ncbi Summaries of findings, descriptions of interventions, and information about adverse effects would make reviews more informative
    Claire Glenton
    Norwegian Health Services Research Centre, Pb 7004 St Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
    J Clin Epidemiol 59:770-8. 2006
    ..To describe challenges when extracting and presenting relevant, consistent, and accessible information from systematic reviews...
  40. ncbi A pragmatic randomised trial of stretching before and after physical activity to prevent injury and soreness
    Gro Jamtvedt
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    Br J Sports Med 44:1002-9. 2010
    ..To determine the effects of stretching before and after physical activity on risks of injury and soreness in a community population...
  41. ncbi Computer-generated patient education materials: do they affect professional practice? A systematic review
    Shaun P Treweek
    Department of Health Services Research, Oslo, Norway
    J Am Med Inform Assoc 9:346-58. 2002
    ..Future work should involve well-defined interventions that can be clearly evaluated in terms of effect and cost...
  42. ncbi Evidence summaries tailored to health policy-makers in low- and middle-income countries
    Sarah E Rosenbaum
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Boks, St Olavs Plass, Oslo, Norway
    Bull World Health Organ 89:54-61. 2011
    ..To describe how the SUPPORT collaboration developed a short summary format for presenting the results of systematic reviews to policy-makers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)...
  43. ncbi SUPPORT Tools for evidence-informed health Policymaking (STP) 8: Deciding how much confidence to place in a systematic review
    Simon Lewin
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S8. 2009
    ..Was the search for relevant studies detailed and reasonably comprehensive? 4. Were assessments of the studies' relevance to the review topic and of their risk of bias reproducible? 5. Were the results similar from study to study?..
  44. ncbi SUPPORT tools for evidence-informed policymaking in health 18: Planning monitoring and evaluation of policies
    Atle Fretheim
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S18. 2009
    ..These are: 1. Is monitoring necessary? 2. What should be measured? 3. Should an impact evaluation be conducted? 4. How should the impact evaluation be done?..
  45. ncbi SUPPORT tools for evidence-informed policymaking in health 11: Finding and using evidence about local conditions
    Simon Lewin
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, P O Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, N 0130 Oslo, Norway
    Health Res Policy Syst 7:S11. 2009
    ..How should the quality of the available local evidence be assessed? 4. Are there important variations in the availability, quality or results of local evidence? 5. How should local evidence be incorporated with other information?..
  46. ncbi Does telling people what they have been doing change what they do? A systematic review of the effects of audit and feedback
    Gro Jamtvedt
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    Qual Saf Health Care 15:433-6. 2006
    ..Many people advocate audit and feedback as a strategy for improving professional practice. The main results of an update of a Cochrane review on the effects of audit and feedback are reported...
  47. ncbi Randomisation to protect against selection bias in healthcare trials
    Jan Odgaard-Jensen
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, PO Box 7004, St Olavs Plass, Oslo, Norway, N 0130
    Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:MR000012. 2011
    ..Differences due to chance will still occur and these are minimised by randomising a sufficiently large number of people...
  48. ncbi User testing and stakeholder feedback contributed to the development of understandable and useful Summary of Findings tables for Cochrane reviews
    Sarah E Rosenbaum
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, St Olavs Plass, Oslo, Norway
    J Clin Epidemiol 63:607-19. 2010
    ..To develop a Summary of Findings (SoF) table for use in Cochrane reviews that is understandable and useful for health professionals, acceptable to Cochrane Collaboration stakeholders, and feasible to implement...
  49. ncbi The effect of alternative summary statistics for communicating risk reduction on decisions about taking statins: a randomized trial
    Cheryl L L Carling
    Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
    PLoS Med 6:e1000134. 2009
    ....
  50. ncbi Portals to Wonderland: health portals lead to confusing information about the effects of health care
    Claire Glenton
    Informed Choice Research Department, Norwegian Health Services Research Centre, Pb 7004 St Olavs Plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
    BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 5:7. 2005
    ..The objective of this study is to assess the extent to which government-run health portals provide access to relevant, valid and understandable information about the effects of health care...
  51. ncbi Improving prescribing of antihypertensive and cholesterol-lowering drugs: a method for identifying and addressing barriers to change
    Atle Fretheim
    Informed Choice Research Department, Norwegian Health Services Research Centre, P, O, Box 7004, St, Olavs plass, Oslo, Norway
    BMC Health Serv Res 4:23. 2004
    ..We also report the results of a post hoc exercise and survey we carried out to evaluate our approach for identifying barriers and tailoring interventions...
  52. ncbi Active sick leave for patients with back pain: all the players onside, but still no action
    Inger B Scheel
    Health Services Research Unit, National Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
    Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 27:654-9. 2002
    ..Semistructured interviews, group discussions, and a mailed survey...
  53. ncbi An official ATS statement: grading the quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in ATS guidelines and recommendations
    Holger J Schunemann
    Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174:605-14. 2006
  54. ncbi Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies
    Holger J Schunemann
    Department of Epidemiology, Italian National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, 00144 Rome, Italy
    BMJ 336:1106-10. 2008
  55. ncbi Process evaluation of a cluster randomized trial of tailored interventions to implement guidelines in primary care--why is it so hard to change practice?
    Signe Flottorp
    Department of Health Services Research, Norwegian Directorate for Health and Social Affairs, PO Box 8054 Dep, N 0031 Oslo, Norway
    Fam Pract 20:333-9. 2003
    ..There was great variation between the practices in the change in these outcomes...
  56. ncbi [Guidelines for pharmacological primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases--who should be treated?]
    Atle Fretheim
    Brannstasjonen legesenter Arendalsvei 26a 4898 Grimstad
    Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 122:2277-81. 2002
    ..We have used systematic and explicit methods in the development of a new set of recommendations. This is the first of three articles describing these guidelines...
  57. ncbi Incorporating considerations of resources use into grading recommendations
    Gordon H Guyatt
    Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
    BMJ 336:1170-3. 2008
  58. ncbi Going from evidence to recommendations
    Gordon H Guyatt
    CLARITY Research Group, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
    BMJ 336:1049-51. 2008
  59. ncbi What is "quality of evidence" and why is it important to clinicians?
    Gordon H Guyatt
    Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
    BMJ 336:995-8. 2008
  60. ncbi Supporting the delivery of cost-effective interventions in primary health-care systems in low-income and middle-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews
    Simon Lewin
    Department of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
    Lancet 372:928-39. 2008
    ..The evidence base needs urgently to be strengthened, synthesised, and taken into account in policy and practice, particularly for the benefit of those who have been excluded from the health care advances of recent decades...
  61. ncbi WHO Rapid Advice Guidelines for pharmacological management of sporadic human infection with avian influenza A (H5N1) virus
    Holger J Schunemann
    Italian National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, INFORMA Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Istituto Regina Elena, Rome, Italy
    Lancet Infect Dis 7:21-31. 2007
    ..Emergence of other novel influenza A viral subtypes with pandemic potential, or changes in the pathogenicity of H5N1 virus strains, will require an update of these guidelines and WHO will be monitoring this closely...
  62. ncbi Symbols were superior to numbers for presenting strength of recommendations to health care consumers: a randomized trial
    Elie A Akl
    Department of Medicine, University at Buffalo, NY, USA
    J Clin Epidemiol 60:1298-305. 2007
    ..To compare health care consumers' understanding, evaluations, and preferences for symbols vs. numbers and letters for the representation of strength of recommendations (SOR) and quality of evidence (QOE)...
  63. ncbi [Which antihypertensive drugs should be used in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease?]
    Atle Fretheim
    Brannstasjonen legesenter Arendalsvei 26a 4898 Grimstad
    Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 122:2283-6. 2002
    ..We have used systematic and explicit methods in the development of a new set of recommendations. This is the second of three articles describing these guidelines...
  64. ncbi [Which cholesterol-lowering drugs should be used in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease?]
    Atle Fretheim
    Brannstasjonen legesenter Arendalsvei 26a 4898 Grimstad
    Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 122:2287-8. 2002
    ..We have used systematic and explicit methods in developing a new set of recommendations. This is the last of three articles describing these guidelines...
  65. ncbi Transparent development of the WHO rapid advice guidelines
    Holger J Schunemann
    Italian National Cancer Institute Regina Elena, Department of Epidemiology, Rome, Italy
    PLoS Med 4:e119. 2007
    ..The process could be improved by shortening the time required to commission evidence profiles. Further development is needed to facilitate stakeholder involvement, and evaluate and ensure the guideline's usefulness...
  66. ncbi The relation between methods and recommendations in clinical practice guidelines for hypertension and hyperlipidemia
    Atle Fretheim
    Department of Health Services Research, Norwegian Directorate for Health Social Welfare, PO Box 8054 Dep, N 0031 Oslo, Norway
    J Fam Pract 51:963-8. 2002
    ..To assess the association between methods used to develop clinical practice guidelines and the recommendations that are made...
  67. ncbi Letters, numbers, symbols and words: how to communicate grades of evidence and recommendations
    Holger J Schunemann
    Department of Medicine, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
    CMAJ 169:677-80. 2003
    ..Before promoting the use of specific symbols, numbers, letters or words, the extent to which the intended message is comprehended should be evaluated...
  68. ncbi Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
    David Atkins
    BMJ 328:1490. 2004
    ..Our system for guiding these complex judgments balances the need for simplicity with the need for full and transparent consideration of all important issues...
  69. ncbi GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
    Gordon H Guyatt
    Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8N 3Z5
    BMJ 336:924-6. 2008
  70. ncbi Identifying barriers and tailoring interventions to improve the management of urinary tract infections and sore throat: a pragmatic study using qualitative methods
    Signe Flottorp
    Department of Health Services Research, Directorate for Health and Social Affairs, PO Box 8054 Dep, 0031 Oslo, Norway
    BMC Health Serv Res 3:3. 2003
    ..The aim of this study was to identify barriers to implementing evidence-based guidelines for urinary tract infection and sore throat in general practice in Norway, and to tailor interventions to address these barriers...