W G McCluggage

..Whether high MT expression is an independent prognostic factor and increased expression indicates chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer, as has been previously suggested, should be determined by further studies...

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..Clinicians and pathologists should be aware of the existence of this lesion, which is likely due to lymphatic obstruction and lymphedema secondary to immobilization and obesity...

..The tumors should be classified according to the underlying background neoplasm with a notation concerning the signet ring cell component...

..Pathologists should be aware of this unusual pseudoneoplastic phenomenon to avoid a misdiagnosis of a neoplastic lesion...

..Various aspects of vulval Paget's disease are also discussed...

..This review describes the process of development of the endometrial cancer data set...

..Recent developments in cervical neuroendocrine neoplasms are discussed, as these are associated not uncommonly with a premalignant or malignant endocervical glandular lesion...

..Mullerian type primary ovarian mucinous neoplasms also exist and exhibit distinct immunohistochemical differences to the more common intestinal type...

..HMGA2 is negative, and there is a low MIB1 proliferation index. In cases of PSM, which are morphologically problematic, the immunophenotype may further heighten the suspicion of serous malignancy and potentially result in a misdiagnosis...

..This review is intended to be of practical use to the surgical pathologist reporting gynaecological cancer specimens...

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..However, the absence of staining with CM2B4 argues against a true Merkel cell tumor. CD99 staining in a cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma should not result in misdiagnosis as a neoplasm in the Ewing family of tumors...

..Ovarian adenosarcomas are much more likely to exhibit malignant behavior than their uterine counterparts, probably due to the lack of an anatomic barrier to peritoneal dissemination...

..We propose the term low-grade epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma of Bartholin gland...

..The mucinous cells are likely to be metaplastic and a result of aberrant differentiation in a premalignant squamous lesion...

..The formation of papillae or pseudopapillae may result in diagnostic difficulty and confusion with other neoplasms, especially if the phenomenon is widespread...

..The newly described entity vaginal tubulo-squamous polyp typically exhibits immunopositivity with prostatic markers, possibly indicating derivation from displaced periurethral Skene's glands...

..Ovarian borderline tumours are relatively uncommon, but not rare, neoplasms. Pathologists and oncologists often struggle with various aspects of borderline tumours which are sometimes controversial and poorly understood...

..There is a need for specialist pathology groups dealing with gynecologic cancers to develop and disseminate recommendations regarding the assessment of cervical involvement in endometrial carcinoma...

..As well as being of value in primary diagnosis, HMGA2 is useful in evaluating margins and in reexcision specimens of aggressive angiomyxoma in identifying foci of residual or recurrent tumor...

..The authors wished to ascertain which staging system is most commonly used in dealing with gynaecological cancers in the UK...

..This raises the possibility of a relationship between these two uncommon types of cervical adenocarcinoma, both of which are thought to exhibit gastric differentiation...

..We term this lesion as reactive fibroblastic and myofibroblastic proliferation of the vulva or "cyclist's nodule."..

..Various issues relating to endometrial polyps are also covered, as are metastatic neoplasms involving the endometrium...

..To describe a series of endometrial stromal sarcomas with large numbers of endometrioid-type glands...

..This is the second reported case of vaginal endocervicosis and the first documented report of adenocarcinoma arising in endocervicosis at any site...

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..To undertake an immunohistochemical analysis of squamous elements in endometrioid proliferations of the uterus and ovary and to compare the immunophenotype of typical squamous elements and so-called squamous morules...

..The morphology of ovarian carcinoma following chemotherapy often differs markedly from native tumour. This study aimed to compare the immunophenotype of post-chemotherapy ovarian carcinomas with that of untreated tumour...

..We also wished to ascertain whether positivity may be found in the stromal cells of normal vulval skin and in other lesions at this site that can cause diagnostic confusion with aggressive angiomyxoma...

..Because 2 of the patients had been taking tamoxifen, this raises the possibility of an association between tamoxifen and the development of USC and EIC in the endometrial polyps that are characteristic of this medication...

..The combined use of genetic analysis and flow cytometry for immunophenotyping has increased the accuracy of diagnosis and correct categorisation of lymphomas on cytological preparations...

..This form of endometriosis has been previously referred to as stromal or micronodular stromal endometriosis. However, there has been little reference to this condition in the literature...

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..The overlapping immunophenotype of endometrial stromal and leiomyomatous neoplasms may reflect the origin of both cell types from a common progenitor within the uterus...

..VIN should be managed by clinicians with expertise in this field and who are treating significant numbers of patients according to evidence-based protocols...

..This prompted the investigation of whether thyroglobulin immunoreactivity is common in regional lymph nodes in cases of thyroid malignancy...

..The value of ancillary techniques, especially immunohistochemistry, is discussed where appropriate...

..p16 expression was also compared with that of p53 and MIB1...

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..To describe the occurrence of signet ring cells of stromal origin within the uterine cervix...

..Germ cell and neuroendocrine origins seem highly unlikely...

..The carcinoma involved the myometrium and cervix (stage IIa). To our knowledge, this is the third documented case of an adenocarcinoma and the first serous carcinoma involving a uterine adenofibroma...

..In this study the specificity of these two antibodies in evaluating cervical and uterine glandular lesions and the value of CD10 in determining whether stroma is endometriotic or not were investigated...

..We also correlated these parameters with the presence or absence of p53 protein expression by the neoplastic cells...

..To describe the clinicopathological and immunohistochemical findings in four cases of uterine tumour resembling ovarian sex cord tumour (UTROSCT)...

..To describe six cases seen in consultation in which artefactual vascular involvement within the ovary by benign granulosa cells caused diagnostic confusion...

..Most cases exhibit positive immunohistochemical staining with oestrogen receptor (ER) and, or, progesterone receptor (PR)...

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..The aim of this study was to compare expression of p16 INK4A (p16) in these two tumour types. We also included cases of serous borderline tumour, since these are considered to represent a precursor lesion of low-grade serous carcinoma...

..Primary ovarian clear cell carcinomas are characterized by CK7 positivity, whereas primary renal neoplasms are characterized by positivity for CD10 and RCC marker and negative staining with CK7...

..However, rarely OSC is negative and occasional cases of USC are positive. WT-1 may also be helpful in differentiating poorly differentiated OSC from poorly differentiated ovarian endometrioid carcinoma...

..These findings need to be confirmed by further study of larger numbers of cases...

..The aim of this study was to investigate calretinin staining in a series of these tumours and their histological mimics in order to determine the value of calretinin staining in a diagnostic setting...

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..Currently, it is not known whether the hyperplasia is likely to be confined to the polyp or also involve nonpolypoid endometrium. We aim to assess the likelihood of hyperplasia being confined to an endometrial polyp...

..Microglandular hyperplasia shows a low proliferation index with MIB1 and is negative for bcl2 and p16...

..It is important to distinguish between these since the former may result in pelvic inflammatory disease and require antibiotic treatment while the latter is non-infectious and does not require specific treatment...

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..Because of the small numbers of women involved, our knowledge of this rare tumour type is limited. This study aims to further characterise the population of women affected, the disease itself and the most appropriate management strategy...

..Diffuse, strong positivity with p16 in endocervical adenocarcinomas is likely caused by inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein by the E7 human papillomavirus oncoprotein, which acts as a p16 transcript repressor...

..The small numbers of other malignancies in the study precludes a judgement of the value of SM047 staining in these neoplasms. SM047 staining may be useful, as part of a larger panel, in the work up of patients with peritoneal effusions...

..A newly developed monoclonal antibody HMGIC which is expressed in vulvovaginal aggressive angiomyxoma may prove to be of value in the often difficult distinction of this lesion from its histological mimics...

..This case report highlights the rare occurrence of myoepitheliomas in deep soft tissues. Pathologists should be aware of this and should consider a myoepithelioma in the differential diagnosis of a soft tissue spindle cell neoplasm...

..The tumour demonstrates a unique combination of elements which has not previously been described...

..Staining of a range of tumours which can be confused morphologically with endometrial stromal neoplasms was also undertaken to ascertain whether antibodies against CD10 are of value in a diagnostic sense...

..Leiomyosarcoma developing as a second malignancy has rarely been reported and most have occurred in the field of previous radiotherapy. The literature on leiomyosarcoma occurring as a second neoplasm following retinoblastoma is reviewed...

..Some ovarian serous carcinomas, similar to their uterine counterparts, are p16-positive...

..p63 is also positive in cervical transitional metaplasia, Walthard rests, vulval Paget disease secondary to an underlying urothelial malignancy, tubulosquamous polyp of the vagina, and ectopic prostatic tissue in the cervix...

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..Uterine angioleiomyoma has a close morphological resemblance to the similarly named skin tumor. We review uterine smooth-muscle and other mesenchymal neoplasms in which prominent vascular channels are a feature...

..In reporting these cases, we discuss the criteria for diagnosis and the differential diagnosis...

..It is important for the pathologist to be aware of the possibility of cervical mucosal metastasis to avoid an erroneous diagnosis of a primary cervical adenocarcinoma or adenocarcinoma in situ...

..In reporting these cases, we review ovarian stromal neoplasms and other lesions with signet ring cells...

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..In this review, the morphologic features of some of these neoplasms are described, as is the value of immunohistochemistry and other ancillary techniques in establishing a diagnosis...

..The presence of more typical Sertoli cell elements and Leydig cells, an absence of squamous elements, endometriosis or associated adenofibroma, and the characteristic immunophenotype assist in diagnosis...

..A panel of immunohistochemical stains, comprising CEA, vimentin, and ER, generally allows confident preoperative distinction between a primary endometrial and endocervical adenocarcinoma...

..This may be useful, in conjunction with WT1, in the classification of problematic neoplasms. p16 may be involved in the pathogenesis of high-grade ovarian serous carcinomas, possibly through inactivation of retinoblastoma protein...

..In reporting these cases, we review normal tissues and pathologic lesions in the female genital tract with atypical symplastic nuclei...

..Immunohistochemical demonstration of skeletal muscle differentiation is necessary for a definitive diagnosis...

..The pattern of vascular involvement raises the possibility that adenomyosis develops from cells intimately associated with myometrial blood vessels, perhaps multipotential perivascular cells...

..This is an extremely rare phenomenon with, as far as we are aware, only one previous report in the literature...

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..In this study, four new cases of EFTs involving the vulva (three cases) or vagina (one case) are reported...

..It is stressed that when immunohistochemistry is used diagnostically, panels of markers provide better information than reliance on a single antibody...

..In particular, the differences in p53 immunoreactivity are in keeping with the observation that p53 gene mutation is more common in high-grade than low-grade OSC...

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..The report discusses the value of DNA polymorphism studies in distinguishing gestational from nongestational choriocarcinoma and from trophoblastic differentiation within a carcinoma...

..In reporting this case, we focus on the differential diagnosis of ovarian neoplasms and tumorlike conditions with vacuoles and related spaces, a topic that embraces many diverse entities...

..Possible theories of histogenesis of primary ovarian paraganglioma include an origin from extra-adrenal paraganglia in the region of the ovary or unidirectional differentiation within a teratoma...

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..The aim of this study was to correlate the serum CA19.9 level with the histological features in a large series of primary ovarian mucinous neoplasms...

..The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting cervical involvement by endometrial cancer...

..Thirdly, standardization between laboratories is necessary if clinical utility is to be attached to markers including p53. We propose a strategy for determining the optimal p53 antibody concentration...

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..We review the previously reported cases of combined mucinous cystadenoma and granulosa cell tumor of the ovary...