D M Fergusson

..There has been a great deal of research and speculation on the impact of growing up in a single-parent household; however, it is unclear whether exposure to single parenthood is a direct cause of adverse life outcomes...

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..This study used longitudinal data to examine the extent to which young people with depression in mid adolescence (ages 14-16) were at increased risk of adverse psychosocial outcomes in later adolescence and young adulthood (ages 16-21)...

..These risk factors appeared to operate in a similar fashion for both males and females. Implications of these findings for trajectory theories of offending are discussed...

..The aim of this study was to examine the linkages between suicidal ideation and attempt in adolescence and subsequent suicidal behaviours and mental health in young adulthood...

..This paper sought to examine the relationship between sexual orientation and mental health in a New Zealand birth cohort studied to age 25 years...

..These results suggest that deviant peer affiliations are associated with increased rates of a range of adjustment problems in adolescence/young adulthood with deviant peer affiliations being most influential at younger ages...

..The aims of this study were to examine the extent to which IQ in middle childhood (8-9 years) was prognostic of future outcomes when due allowance was made for confounding personal and social factors...

..To examine the associations between frequency of cannabis use and psychosocial outcomes in adolescence/young adulthood...

..To examine possible causal linkages between cannabis use and psychosis using data gathered over the course of a 25-year longitudinal study...

..There is increasing interest in the extent to which individuals with subthreshold depression face increased risks of subsequent major depression and other disorders...

..This study sought to examine the associations between indices of socio-economic deprivation in childhood and later involvement in crime...

..To examine the associations between the use of cannabis and arrest/conviction for cannabis related offences...

..This research aimed to examine the prevalence of risky driving behaviour among young people, the characteristics of those who engage in risky driving behaviour, and the association between risky driving behaviours and accident risk...

..To examine the associations between the frequency of cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs...

..While there is a growing literature on the linkages between early subjective responses to nicotine and alcohol and later risks of nicotine or alcohol dependence, to date there has been no study of this issue in relation to cannabis...

..To examine the relationship between cannabis use in adolescence/young adulthood and levels of educational attainment...

..to examine linkages between cannabis use and traffic accident risks in a birth cohort of 907 young New Zealanders studied from 18 to 21 years...

..The extent to which abortion has harmful consequences for mental health remains controversial. We aimed to examine the linkages between having an abortion and mental health outcomes over the interval from age 15-25 years...

..It is unclear how the recurrence of major depression in adolescence affects later life outcomes...

..89 to 3.32) times higher, than those who were not exposed to unemployment. Although unemployment was associated with moderate increases in risks of suicidal behaviors, much of this association was explained by confounding factors...

..There is relatively little evidence as to whether abortion leads to improved life course outcomes for young women who choose this option...

..To examine the associations between exposure to socio-economic disadvantage in childhood and smoking in adulthood...

..Debate surrounds the underlying structure of internalising disorders including major depression, generalised anxiety disorder, phobias and panic disorders...

..This study examines the extent to which gay, lesbian, and bisexual young people are at increased risk of psychiatric disorder and suicidal behaviors using data gathered on a New Zealand birth cohort studied to age 21 years...

..The implications of these findings for explanations of deviant peer selection are discussed...

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..Nonetheless, the findings suggest that exposure to unemployment may be associated with increased risks of suicidal thoughts, crime and substance use...

..This paper provides an overview of the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS) and a summary of findings relating to child and adolescent mental health...

..To examine linkages between patterns of alcohol abuse and crime in a New Zealand birth cohort studied to the age of 21 taking into account confounding factors through the use of fixed-effects regression methods...

..This paper seeks to extend research into the adult sequelae of childhood conduct problems by investigating the associations between conduct problems in middle childhood and psychosocial outcomes in adulthood...

..To describe the development of cannabis use in a birth cohort studied to the age of 21 years...

..To examine the extent to which the Early Start program of home visitation had beneficial consequences in the areas of maternal health, family functioning, family economic circumstances, and exposure to stress and adversity...

..The aim of this study was to examine the association between circumcision status and sexually transmitted infection risk using a longitudinal birth cohort study...

..It is concluded that peer affiliations in adolescence are shaped by a complex social, family, and individual process that includes social stratification, family functioning, and individual behavioural predispositions...

..The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence and comorbidity patterns of psychiatric disorders in subjects making medically serious suicide attempts and in comparison subjects...

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..The present study examined the developmental antecedents of illicit drug use and abuse/dependence...

..Little is known about the child and family characteristics that predispose children to these injuries. A greater understanding of the risk factors associated with childhood TBI may provide an opportunity to prevent their occurrence...

..It was concluded that the effects of self-esteem during adolescence on later developmental outcomes were weak, and largely explained by the psychosocial context within which self-esteem develops...

..In turn, these linkages between maternal and childhood environment explained most of the association between maternal age and later outcomes. The theoretical and applied implications of these results are considered...

..This study examined the associations between cigarette smoking and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts, both before and after control for potentially confounding using fixed effects regression models...

..Positive configurations of these factors confer increased resiliency, whereas negative configurations increase vulnerability...

..Nonetheless, even after control for these factors there is evidence of a possible causal linkage between smoking and depression. The direction of causality between smoking and depression remains unknown...

..These results suggest that reported associations between early peer problems and later adjustment are noncausal, and appear to reflect underlying continuities in behavioral adjustment...

..To examine the role of ethnic identity in cannabis use, and links between ethnic identity, cannabis use and life outcomes, in a birth cohort of >1000 young people studied to age 25...

..There have been claims in the literature that lead exposure makes a strong contribution to criminal behaviour...

..However, even after adjustment for gender differences in exposure to sexual violence it is clear that a substantial relationship between gender and internalizing disorder persists...

..Results highlight the importance of childhood peer relationships for academic and occupational success...

..To describe the lifetime prevalence of teenage pregnancy and parenthood, in addition to the psychosocial backgrounds and current circumstances of young parents in a sample of 533 young women studied from bith to 21 years...

..This paper examines the effects of deviant and non-deviant partner involvement at age 21 on patterns of continuity and change in offending between the ages of 18 and 21 years in a birth cohort of 983 young men and women...

..The vulnerability of pre-school children to MTBI signals a pressing need to identify high-risk cases that may benefit from monitoring and early intervention...

..These results suggest that the higher rate of teenage pregnancy among girls with early conduct problems reflected both their relatively disadvantaged family backgrounds and their tendencies to risk taking behavior in adolescence...

..005). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the development of cannabis dependence is associated with increased rates of psychotic symptoms in young people even when pre-existing symptoms and other background factors are taken into account...

..Clinical and research implications are considered...

..The mechanisms underlying this association are unclear, but may relate to overlapping features between prodromal phases of psychosis and items that measure neuroticism...

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..Research on the links between abortion and mental health has been limited by design problems and relatively weak evidence...

..The present study examined the associations between cannabis use in adolescence and young adulthood and self-reported adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in adulthood...

..There has been a great deal of research on the comorbidity between alcohol abuse or dependence (AAD) and major depression (MD). However, it is unclear whether AAD increases the risk of MD or vice versa...

..Individual psychiatric disorders have been shown to be associated with negative economic and educational outcomes, but few studies have addressed the relationship between the total extent of psychiatric disorder and life outcomes...

..To examine associations between attentional difficulties at age 13 and a range of adverse driving outcomes measured at 21 years...

..Little is known about the incidence and prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly for infants, children and young adults...

..The present study examined the extent to which these linkages could be explained by the influence of social, family, and background factors that were associated with early motherhood...

..In addition, a persistent association was found between unstable high self-esteem and self-reported violent offending. The results suggest that self-esteem level plays a limited role in the understanding of violent behavior...

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..To examine the associations between the extent of cannabis use during adolescence and young adulthood and later education, economic, employment, relationship satisfaction and life satisfaction outcomes...

..This research examined linkages between exposure to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and childhood physical punishment/abuse (CPA) and mental health issues in early adulthood...

..What is less well understood is the extent to which children with situation-specific conduct problems show similar outcomes to those with generalised conduct problems...

..To examine the impact of introducing more restrictive firearms legislation (Amendment to the Arms Act, 1992) in New Zealand on suicides involving firearms...

..These results are discussed in light of the differential roles of moderating and of compensatory factors...

..This study examined mild head injury before age 10 and potential differences in late childhood/early adolescence as a function of severity of mild injury and age at injury...

..To examine knowledge and attitudes about suicide in a New Zealand sample of young people aged 25 years...

..To describe the pattern of drinking at age 16 and to relate this to outcomes at 16-21 years and 21-25 years across a number of psychosocial domains...

..To describe the punitive parenting practices of a cohort of young (<25 years) New Zealand parents and to examine the life course risk factors that placed these parents at increased risk of severe child physical punishment/abuse...

..The present study examined the associations between the experience of sexual abuse in childhood (CSA) and the number of abortions in adolescence and early adulthood...

..There has been continued interest in the extent to which women have positive and negative reactions to abortion...

..To investigate reasons for seeking or not seeking help for alcohol problems in young adults and to report outcomes in those with problems who thought they did not need help...

..These findings suggest a need for ongoing support and monitoring, and for enhanced treatment and management of all those making suicide attempts which require hospital admission in an effort to reduce risks of further suicidal behaviour...

..To describe the patterns of illicit drug use in a birth cohort studied to the age of 25 years...

..This paper examines the linkages between conduct problems and attentional problems in middle childhood and adolescence and later substance use, abuse and dependence in young adulthood...

..This study describes the course of disorder from age 18 to age 25 for abuse and dependence and investigates the extent to which continuities in disorder can be explained by background factors...

..The aim of this study was to estimate the extent to which anxiety disorders contribute to an increase in suicidal behaviour after controlling for both observed and non-observed sources of confounding...

..However, frequent and regular use of cannabis throughout pregnancy may be associated with small but statistically detectable decrements in birthweight...

..This article reviews explanations for the observed rates of suicide in M?ori, and examines approaches to effective intervention to reduce rates of suicide in young M?ori...

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..70). The results of the present study suggest that, for some populations, the risks of driving under the influence of cannabis may now be greater than the risks of driving under the influence of alcohol...

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..Effects of father absence are discussed in terms of life-course adversity, evolutionary psychology, social learning, and behavior genetic models...

..The research aims were to compare findings across studies and obtain pooled estimates of association using meta-analytic methods...

..Research on the comorbidity between cigarette smoking and major depression has not elucidated the pathways by which smoking is associated with depression...

..The present study examined the role of socioeconomic status and cultural identity in the association between ethnicity and nicotine dependence, in a birth cohort of >1000 methods young people studied to age 30...

..To assess the possible effects of tobacco and cannabis smoking on lung function in young adults between the ages of 18 and 26...

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..However, this association appears to be largely or wholly non causal and reflects the associations between childhood factors, prior substance dependence, comorbid depression, peer affiliations and the development of anxiety disorders...

..These results may point to the need to provide support and possibly intervention to children showing early anxious or withdrawn behaviours...

..These findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of gender on life course development...

..Specifically, the study aimed to ascertain the extent to which associations between asthma and depressive and anxiety disorders could be explained by non-observed fixed confounding factors...