James E Frampton

..5/325 mg provided similar efficacy to that of codeine/paracetamol 30/300 mg in patients with chronic back pain in a 4-week, randomised, double-blind trial (a maximum of 10 tablets or capsules per day of the active drug)...

..Although preliminary findings are promising, wider clinical experience is required to define the place of latanoprost in the treatment of angle-closure glaucoma...

..Across all three retigabine groups in the large phase II trial, somnolence (20.3%), dizziness (14.6%), confusion (12.3%) and speech disorder (11.3%) were the most frequent CNS-related adverse events...

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..Low-dose ASA plus esomeprazole treatment was generally well tolerated, with a similar adverse event profile to that seen with low-dose ASA plus placebo...

..Oral tapentadol ER therapy for up to 24 months was generally well tolerated, with the nature of treatment-emergent adverse events generally similar across the clinical studies...

..However, a small uncontrolled, preliminary study suggests that it may be useful in seriously ill pediatric patients requiring nonheparin anticoagulation...

..Moreover, a significantly greater number of patients expressed a preference for brinzolamide/timolol over dorzolamide/timolol. The main ocular adverse event was blurred vision, and was not considered to be a safety issue...

..Losartan/HCTZ is a well tolerated combination therapy. Thus, losartan/HCTZ remains an important option in the treatment of hypertension, as well as being indicated to reduce stroke risk in patients with hypertension and LVH...

..Taste disturbance occurred more often with intranasal sumatriptan than with placebo [Chart: see text]...

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..The most common treatment-emergent adverse events and abnormal laboratory test results were consistent with those previously observed with other oral retinoids and RXR agonists...

..Thus, nesiritide is a suitable first-line option for the treatment of patients with acutely decompensated CHF and is a welcome addition in an area where intravenous agents are few...

..Pregabalin was generally well tolerated when titrated over 1 week to fixed dosages (maximum 600 mg/day) in clinical trials in mostly elderly PHN patients. Adverse events were usually mild to moderate in severity...

..The tolerability profile of everolimus was largely manageable in the phase III trial, with most treatment-related adverse events being of grade 1 or 2 severity...

..Both adults and children preferred Airmax to Turbuhaler, and more found Airmax easier to use. In one study, the majority of children found learning how to use Airmax trade mark easier than learning how to use Turbuhaler...

..pneumoniae infections. In developed countries, the vaccine will be of particular benefit in preventing disabling infections but its impact in developing countries will be more pronounced with the potential to greatly reduce mortality...

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..No patients prematurely discontinued treatment because of adverse events, most of which were the consequence of hormone suppression...

..Mosapride was well tolerated, with diarrhoea/loose stools, dry mouth, malaise and headache being reported in <5% of patients...

..In the meantime, available data suggest that bemiparin is an effective and useful addition to the available range of LMWHs for the prevention of VTE and treatment of DVT...

..Nevertheless, available clinical data indicate that zoledronic acid is an effective treatment option for the management of bone metastases of malignancy...

..In the meantime, adjunctive therapy or monotherapy with zonisamide is a convenient, useful option for the management of partial seizures, including those refractory to other AEDs...

..Lansoprazole was generally well tolerated in children and adolescents, with the most common treatment-related adverse events being gastrointestinal events and headache...

..Solifenacin was generally well tolerated; the most frequently reported adverse events were dry mouth, constipation and blurred vision...

..The most common adverse events were dry mouth and constipation. CNS tolerability appeared to be similar to that of placebo. Darifenacin had no adverse effect on cognitive function in healthy elderly volunteers...

..In the largest clinical trial to date, the most common treatment-related adverse events were phlebitis/thrombophlebitis, headache, nausea, vomiting and pyrexia...

..Insulin aspart is an effective and well tolerated alternative to regular human insulin and insulin lispro for the maintenance of glycaemic control in patients with type 1 or 2 diabetes...

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..Gadofosveset was generally well tolerated in clinical trials, with most adverse events being mild or moderate in severity...

..Available pharmacoeconomic data from several countries, despite some inherent limitations, support the use of clopidogrel plus aspirin for up to 1 year as a cost-effective treatment relative to aspirin alone in this patient population...

..IV ibandronate was generally well tolerated in clinical trials. Treatment-related adverse events included musculoskeletal events and transient influenza-like symptoms, the latter mainly associated with the first dose...

..Thus, orlistat is an option for the treatment of obese patients with or without type 2 diabetes and also has a role in the management of obese patients with the metabolic syndrome, associated comorbidities or concomitant disorders...

..Thus, on the basis of available evidence, ximelagatran/melagatran appears poised to play an important role in the prophylaxis of VTE in patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery...

..Epoetin beta is an important option in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced anaemia, and a valid and valuable alternative to blood transfusion therapy for the treatment of cancer-related or chemotherapy-induced anaemia...

..In patients receiving cetuximab plus irinotecan, these were diarrhoea, asthenia, leucopenia and neutropenia...

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..Based on the available data, mifamurtide can be considered for inclusion in treatment protocols for localized osteosarcoma...

..Eltrombopag is an effective treatment option for adult patients with chronic ITP and an increased risk of bleeding who are refractory to previous treatments, including splenectomy, as demonstrated in well designed clinical trials...

..Reversible acute pancreatitis has occurred during oral bexarotene therapy. Adverse events associated with the topical formulation are limited to rash, pruritus, and pain...

..Denosumab treatment was generally well tolerated for up to 24 months in breast cancer patients and for up to 36 months in prostate cancer patients...

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..In those with excessive nasal congestion the combination of fexofenadine plus pseudoephedrine may be useful. In clinical trials fexofenadine is not associated with adverse cardiac or cognitive/psychomotor effects...

..The role of docetaxel in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment of early breast cancer is being evaluated...

..As the level of resistance to vancomycin increases among S. aureus and enterococci, linezolid is poised to play an important role in the management of serious gram-positive infections...

..There have been no reports of immune responses to darbepoetin alfa in 1534 patients receiving treatment for up to 2 years...

..Linezolid is generally well tolerated and gastrointestinal disturbances are the most commonly occurring adverse events. No clinical evidence of adverse reactions as a result of monoamine oxidase inhibition has been reported...

..In addition, ropinirole is also efficacious in the management of more advanced Parkinson's disease in patients who are experiencing motor complications after long term levodopa use...

..In conclusion, plerixafor is a valuable stem-cell mobilizer for use in combination with G-CSF in patients with lymphoma or MM, particularly in patients who are poor mobilizers or predicted poor mobilizers...

..The preparation is suitable for use in infants, children and adults with persistent asthma and in infants and children with croup...

..Localized erythema and edema were also common. No other significant adverse effects were noted and treatment was generally well tolerated. A well designed dermal applicator ensured perilesional skin was spared collateral damage...

..Spinosad was generally well tolerated in clinical trials, with no severe or serious adverse events. Cutaneous and ocular irritation were the most common adverse events...

..Available data support the choice of olanzapine as an option in the short-term management of mania in patients with bipolar I disorder with manic or mixed episodes, with or without psychotic features...

..Nonetheless, dorzolamide combined with timolol in a single applicator system will be a useful addition to the treatment options for glaucoma, a leading cause of preventable blindness...

..Mirtazapine also appears to be useful in patients with depression who present with anxiety symptoms and sleep disturbance...

..Of the 210 deaths in patients with severe sepsis treated with drotrecogin alfa (activated) 24 microg/kg/h in the efficacy trial, four deaths due to haemorrhage and one due to cerebral oedema were possibly related to the study drug...

..Fenoldopam may be particularly useful in patients who develop hypertension after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, but further studies are required to confirm its role in hypertensive emergency...

..The efficacy of pramipexole monotherapy in patients with early disease has also been demonstrated, although the use of dopamine agonists in early Parkinson's disease remains controversial...

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..Tizanidine, therefore, appears to be an attractive therapeutic alternative for patients with spasticity associated with cerebral or spinal damage...

..No hepatotoxicity was reported after 12 weeks' treatment...

..In general, combination therapy with trastuzumab and chemotherapy was relatively well tolerated in patients with metastatic gastric cancer with no reports of new or unexpected adverse events...

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..Pimecrolimus 1.0% cream provides a promising and well tolerated treatment option in the management of infants, children and adults with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis...

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..Everolimus has been associated with thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and elevated serum lipids and creatinine...

..The drug also retards the progression of structural joint damage, improves HR-QOL, and is generally well tolerated. Thus, adalimumab is a valuable new option for the treatment of DMARD-refractory adult rheumatoid arthritis...

..02 both comparisons) fewer treatment-related adverse events or serious adverse events. The incidence of visual disturbances was significantly (p < 0.001) higher with voriconazole than amphotericin B treatment...

..Pioglitazone was also effective in reducing some measures of cardiovascular risk and arteriosclerosis. Pioglitazone thus offers an effective treatment option for the management of patients with type 2 diabetes...

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..Thus, remifentanil is a welcome addition to the currently available pharmacological agents employed in the management of mechanically ventilated ICU patients...

..The drug is generally well tolerated in children with GERD. In the largest study, the most common treatment-related adverse events occurring during therapy were constipation and headache...

..Data from large clinical trials currently being conducted will assist in fully defining the role of trandolapril/verapamil SR as a cardio- and renoprotective agent...

..In addition, glucosamine has shown promising results in modifying the progression of arthritis over a 3-year period. Glucosamine may therefore prove to be a useful treatment option for osteoarthritis...

..The reformulation modulates clarithromycin absorption kinetics thereby improving tolerability. Therefore, clarithromycin extended-release provides a useful option for the treatment of specific respiratory tract infections...

..5-900 mg/day; no histamine-like reactions occurred. Micafungin was as well tolerated as fluconazole, with numerically fewer micafungin recipients discontinuing treatment (4.2% vs 7.2%)...

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..Further research into the pharmacoeconomic implications of insulin lispro use in the long term is needed, particularly with respect to effects on indirect costs and those associated with complications of diabetes mellitus...

..Thus, amisulpride is an effective and well tolerated option for the first-line treatment of patients with acute schizophrenia as well as for those requiring long-term maintenance therapy...

..Additional pharmacoeconomic analyses of mycophenolate mofetil are also needed in other types of solid organ transplantation...

..The tolerability profile of golimumab was generally consistent with that of other anti-TNF agents...

..In addition, intramuscular ziprasidone shows efficacy and good tolerability in the treatment of acute agitation associated with psychotic disorders...

..Candidiasis, hoarseness/dysphonia, throat irritation and headache occurred more frequently with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate than with placebo in patients with COPD...

..The most common treatment-related adverse event was decreased appetite. Atomoxetine shows no abuse potential and is not a controlled substance in the US...

..Thus, tipranavir, administered with ritonavir, is an effective treatment option for use in the combination therapy of adults with HIV-1 infection who have been previously treated with other antiretroviral drugs...

..Further studies are needed to fully elucidate the clinical implications of EGFR mutations and to identify patients likely to benefit from EGFR-targeted therapy...

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..The incidence of sexual adverse effects and weight gain was low and similar to that with placebo...

..It had an adverse event profile generally similar to that of other combination vaccines based on diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis vaccine, including Infanrix®-IPV+Hib and Infanrix® hexa...

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..These findings have been supported by observations from a global compassionate-use programme. Ongoing or planned clinical trials are designed to confirm and/or further define the role of the drug in the above and other clinical settings...

..It also appears to be an attractive option for MDD patients presenting with painful physical symptoms...

..Nonetheless, by offering a new approach to the blockade of the RAS, aliskiren provides a useful addition to the therapeutic options available to treat patients with mild to moderate hypertension...

..Pregabalin was well tolerated in DPN patients; mild-to-moderate dizziness, somnolence and peripheral oedema were the most common adverse events...

..Hexyl aminolevulinate cystoscopy is well tolerated as an adjunct to standard cystoscopy; adverse events were those typically associated with standard cystoscopy/biopsy (e.g. postoperative pain)...