Astrid Nehlig

..The present review intends to review the data available on the effects of cocoa and chocolate on brain health and cognitive abilities...

..In conclusion, it appears that caffeine cannot be considered a ;pure' cognitive enhancer. Its indirect action on arousal, mood and concentration contributes in large part to its cognitive enhancing properties...

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..Pharmacological protection of the basal cortices is necessary for a beneficial disease-modifying effect but this must be combined with protection of the hippocampus to prevent epileptogenesis in this model of TLE...

..The genetic background underlying the expression of audiogenic seizures sensitizes strongly the rats to a further insult and compromises their survival...

..This indicates that the exposure to seizures during pregnancy is not harmful for the development of the fetus...

..In conclusion, although DZP-TPM treatment was able to partially protect two areas critical for epileptogenesis, the hippocampus and ventral entorhinal cortex, it was not sufficient to prevent epileptogenesis...

..Only late postictal measurements allowed the identification of significant changes in focal structures: the hippocampus is known to play a critical role in the spread of limbic seizures...

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..The changes in nutrient transporter expression reported here further support previous findings in other experimental models demonstrating rapid transcriptional responses to marked changes in cerebral energetic/glucose demand...

..In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), interictal behavioral disorders affect patients' quality of life. Therefore we studied long-term behavioral impairments in the lithium-pilocarpine (li-pilo) model of TLE...

..The spatial recruitment of remote subcortical structures could be further investigated to strengthen the rationale of therapeutic stimulation of basal ganglia in drug-resistant epilepsies...

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..It is, however, not clear to what extent the overexpression of EAAC1 contributes to epileptogenesis and in which area it may represent a preventive or compensatory or response to injury...

..This report extends the observation in humans that the KD does not appear to show effectiveness in intractable atypical absence epilepsy to this model of typical childhood absence epilepsy which responds to specific antiepileptic drugs...

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..Thresholds to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) seizures were usually based only on clinical symptoms. Our purpose was to use electroclinical patterns to assess the efficacy of a ketogenic and/or calorie-restricted diet on PTZ-induced seizures...

..The failure of benzodiazepine and neurosteroid to potentiate inhibition early after SE may be a critical factor in the development of epileptogenesis and occurrence of seizures...

..The process of reorganization in regions with neuronal damage is not fully clarified...

..At this point, many data are still missing, namely which drugs could efficiently stop SE or which mechanisms of action should be searched for to prevent the harmful consequences of SE...

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..Neuronal NO appears to be not involved in the cerebrovascular response within the epileptic focus, but may rather have a role in the maintenance of distant LCBF regulation during seizures...

..These data suggest that seizure-related IL1-beta, NF-kappaB, and COX-2 expression may contribute to the pathophysiology of epilepsy by inducing neuronal death and astrocytic activation...

..These data might reflect hyperdopaminergic activity, olfactory deficits, and sleep disturbances in STOP-KO mice that have also been reported in schizophrenic patients...

..Our data are concordant with the hypothesis that neuronal activity underlying the occurrence of spike-and-wave discharges does not seem to require an increase in metabolic demand and blood flow rates. [Published with videosequences]...

..We hypothesized that conflicting results from other techniques might be due to the averaging of a biphasic response such as the one we described in children...

..In conclusion, carisbamate is able to induce strong neuroprotection and affect the nature of epileptogenic events occurring during and after lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus, reflecting marked insult- and disease-modifying effects...

..Thus, endothelial NO is the mediator of the cerebrovascular response within the epileptic focus and participates in the maintenance of LCBF in distant areas...

..Finally, the sequence of metabolic changes occurring during a transient increase of electrical activity in specific regions of the brain remains to be clarified...

..These data show that acute pentylenetetrazol seizures induce a rapid up-regulation of the GLUT1 and GLUT3 mRNAs, but do not result in measurable increases in protein levels, suggesting translational regulation...

..0% were localized in astrocytes on GFAP-labeled sections and 60.1% in neurons on MAP2-labeled sections. These data represent the first in vivo evidence of the compartmentation of uptake and metabolism of glucose in neurons and astrocytes...

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..Experimentally-induced loss of olfactory neurons leads to epithelial regeneration within two months, providing a useful model to evaluate the role played by STOP protein in adult olfactory neurogenesis...

..After 40 days of age, GAERS appeared definitely more prone than NERs to convulse in response to picrotoxin injection. A developmental imbalance in excitation/inhibition may parallel the occurrence of SWDs...

..However, they still do not allow us to understand why the ubiquitous mutation(s) generates spike-and-wave discharges only in the thalamocortical circuit...

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