K Mokbel

..Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces the risk of breast cancer by 90% in high risk women...

..Increasing evidence supports a role for COX-2 in upregulation of aromatase activity. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between COX-2 and aromatase mRNA expression in human breast cancer...

..Absence of a link with induced abortion is less clear, and further research should concentrate on investigating any relationship. We suggest that prospective research is used, with point of entry at first termination...

..CONCLUSION: There is no substantial epidemiological evidence to support a significant link between the intake of dairy products and breast cancer risk...

..CONCLUSIONS: MD is useful in the management of PND, but its potential role in the early detection or management of breast cancer requires further investigation...

..associations between the expression of leptin, leptin receptor (LEPR) and clinicopathological parameters of breast cancer, and the correlation of leptin with human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)..

..0). CONCLUSION: The results of this pilot study suggest that there is no significant association between telomerase reactivation and TGF-beta RII down-regulation in human breast cancer...

..The cDNA from 153 frozen archived breast samples were analysed with Q-PCR for all seven lymphangiogenic markers. This was correlated with various prognostic factors as well as patient survival...

..The presence of onconeural antibodies and PET scanning help in the challenging diagnosis of these conditions but despite the treatment of the primary cancer, the prognosis for the neurological symptoms is poor...

..This review will focus on the nature of the Her2 overexpression and the role of herceptin in the treatment of early breast cancer...

..The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date analysis and to subsequently summarise the available literature in relation to risk-reducing strategies, with a keen focus on prophylactic surgery...

..In this study, we examined the expression of SOCS1-7 genes in normal and breast cancer tissue and correlated this with several clinico-pathological and prognostic factors...

..In this study, the oncological outcome, post-operative morbidity and patients' satisfaction with SSM and IBR using the latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap and/or breast prosthesis is evaluated...

..Alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) and efficacy delay remain important limitations to anti-telomerase therapy...

..These include an updated analysis of the ATAC trial, new data demonstrating the superiority of dose-dense adjuvant chemotherapy over conventional scheduling, and recent developments in the field of proteomics...

..The prevention of ER-negative disease requires further research, and is likely to be challenging...

..Future research will focus on the relevance of gene expression profiling, proteomics, Laser therapy and mammary ductoscopy to the management of DCIS...

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..SATB2 mRNA expression is significantly associated with increasing tumour grade and poorer OS. These results are consistent with the notion that SATB1 acts as a 'master genome organizer' in human breast carcinogenesis...

..The potential role of anastrozole in the neoadjuvant setting, the management of DCIS, premenopausal breast cancer and breast cancer prevention is currently being investigated...

..Tamoxifen can be considered in high-risk young women (USC/VNPI score =9-12) treated by BCS for ER+ DCIS as long as the potential benefits and adverse effects are explained to the patient...

..MD can be performed under local anaesthesia in the office setting. This article reviews the evolving role of MD in the diagnosis and treatment of intraductal breast disease...

..The potential role of these drugs in the management of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), premenopausal breast cancer, and breast cancer prevention is worth investigating...

..VEGF was found to be an independent prognostic factor in patients with node-negative breast cancer. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed...

..The role of new diagnostic tools, such as fibre-optic ductoscopy (FDS) and microcatheters to obtain ductal cells, was discussed. Finally, the worldwide overview was presented...

..This study aimed to examine the association between clinicopathologic parameters and positive margins in women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treated by breast-conserving surgery (BCS)...

..The main risk factors for cardiotoxicity are concurrent or previous anthracycline exposure. The potential role of Herceptin in the adjuvant setting is currently being evaluated...

..Biological therapy using inhibitors/antagonists of angiogenesis and EGFR seems to be safe and well tolerated. Although the response rates are currently unimpressive, further research using survival as an endpoint is required...

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..abstract:..

..Furthermore, the addition of molecular and genetic analysis of cells obtained by MD and the emergence of newer generations of microendoscopes are likely to enhance the use of this technique...

..Furthermore, mRNA expression of MDA-7 is assessed in a cohort of women with BC and correlated with established pathological parameters and clinical outcome...

..The effect of tamoxifen was greater in both trials for women under 50 years...

..041). Discussion: These findings are consistent with a possible tumour suppressor function of DLEC1 in breast cancer...

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..To compare the diagnostic performance of full-field digital mammography (FFDM) with screen-film mammography (SFM) in a corporate screening programme including younger women...

..CONCLUSIONS: COX-2 mRNA expression is associated with PgR positivity in human breast cancer. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that COX-2 upregulates aromatase activity...

..This is the first study in the literature to examine the relationship between STS and OATP-B in human breast cancer and to investigate the potential prognostic value of OATP-B...

..The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between CYP19 and 17-beta-HSD type 1A mRNA expression and clinico-pathological parameters of human breast cancer...

..This study aimed to examine the level of mRNA expression of E2F1 gene in normal and malignant breast tissue and correlate the level of expression to tumour stage...

..CONCLUSION: hTERT mRNA expression significantly correlates with telomerase activity in human breast cancer. This is consistent with the hypothesis that hTERT is the catalytic and rate-limiting determinant subunit of the enzyme...

..This pilot study is the first to focus on the potential role for death-associated protein 3 (DAP3) in human breast cancer...

..The hTERT mRNA levels in tumour do not seem to be associated with the patient's age or advanced tumour stage. Furthermore, hTERT mRNA expression does not correlate with c-Myc mRNA expression in breast cancer...

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..This gene codes for a protein, which has been implicated in cell membrane interactions. The aim was to determine using quantitative PCR whether the levels of this gene were negatively correlated with clinical outcome in breast cancer...

..This article reviews the established and emerging roles of TZ in the management of breast cancer (BC)...

..A hypothesis is proposed that explains the mode of action of SETD2 as a tumour suppressor gene...

..CONCLUSION: Intraoperative frozen section of sentinel lymph nodes in patients with early breast cancer is highly accurate for macrometastases but not for micrometastases...

..This is the first study in the literature to examine the direct relationship between SETD2 and breast cancer...

..This study aims to examine the association between hTERT transcription and that of VEGF-D, VEGF-C, MMP-1, PAR1a and PAR1b through a correlative analysis of the mRNA transcripts of these genes in human breast cancer...

..The role of IGF-1 expression in breast cancer tissue as a prognostic marker is not clearly established. Identifying the IGF-1 gene polymorphism can potentially be used in predicting breast cancer risk...

..The aim of this article is to review the current evidence for the function and activity of hTERT in malignant conditions, and to discuss the future possibilities in terms of cancer diagnosis and treatment...

..Studies comparing these drugs head-to-head and with adjuvant tamoxifen are currently in progress. The potential role of these drugs in breast cancer prevention is worth investigating...

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..This pilot study is the first to focus on the potential role of death-associated protein 1 (DAP1) in human breast cancer...

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..They have no stimulatory effects on the uterus or vagina. It seems reasonable to expect that pure antiestrogens will be good alternatives to tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors in the treatment of breast cancer...

..The aim of this retrospective study was to assess whether open surgical excision is required following a B3 diagnosis on 11-gauge vacuum-assisted core biopsy (VACB) of radiologically indeterminate breast lesions...

..Controversies are discussed in the context of the tumour biology and natural history of breast cancer...

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..The SLNB is emerging as a new standard of care in patients with early breast cancer. However, certain criteria should be fulfilled for its safe application...

..This is consistent with the hypothesis that Wnt5a is a tumour suppressor gene with potential clinical applications...

..Conflicting results in previous studies may be due to the different methods used to measure IGF-1R expression...

..A comparison of mammographic breast densities of women living in London with those of women living in rural and suburban areas...

..The purpose of this study is to evaluate the oncological safety, post-operative morbidity and patients' satisfaction with SSM and IBR using the latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap and/or breast prosthesis...

..This article reviews the evidence for a relationship between the COX enzyme system and mammary carcinogenesis, and discusses the likely therapeutic roles and potential pitfalls of COX inhibition...

..There is no evidence to support the use of IHC of the sentinel node in routine clinical practice. LCIS is currently considered as a non-obligate precursor to breast cancer rather than just a risk factor...

..It presents a big dilemma for the clinician, because it mimics breast cancer clinically, radiologically and sometimes cytologically. We report a case of fibromatosis of the breast and highlight the diagnostic difficulties and management...

..This article reviews the management strategies for DCIS in the context of recent randomized trials, including the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy, adjuvant radiotherapy and tamoxifen...

..In this article we review the literature concerning axillary lymph node (ALN) MM, with particular reference to SLNB. The controversies regarding histopathological assessment, clinical relevance and management implications are discussed...

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..Controversies including the impact of radiotherapy (RT) on immediate breast reconstruction (IBR), preservation of the nipple-areola complex (NAC) and the role of endoscopic mastectomy are also considered...

..This article focuses on the potential of this technique in breast cancer screening and highlights its limitations in this context...

..However, further research is required to establish the optimal aromatase inhibitor and whether such a drug should be used as monotherapy or in sequence after 2 to 3 years of tamoxifen...

..We here report 3 cases of ganglioneuromas highlighting important points regarding the radiological assessment, management, decision making and surgical approaches...

..The procedure seems to be oncologically safe, even in patients with high-risk (T3 or node-positive) carcinoma. The latter needs to be confirmed with greater numbers of patients and longer follow-up...

..Contraindications to skin-sparing mastectomy approaches include inflammatory breast cancer and extensive skin involvement by tumor. Preoperative and postoperative radiotherapy are not a contraindication to skin-sparing mastectomy...

..0). CONCLUSION: Telomerase reactivation seems to be independent of Bcl-2 protein expression in human breast cancer...

..Female flight attendants and women who fly frequently should be informed of this potential increase in risk and be encouraged to participate in appropriate breast cancer screening programs...

..In this study, we analysed the relationship between COX-2 expression and various clinicopathological factors in human breast cancer...

..These proteins include hTR, TRF1, TRF2, TANK1, TANK2, POT1, TIN2, EST1, and TEP. This study represents the first comprehensive investigation of the mRNA expression of key telomere-related genes in human breast cancer...

..Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with nipple areola complex (NAC) preservation appears to be oncologically safe, provided the tumor is not close to the nipple and a frozen section protocol for the retroareolar tissue is followed...

..Such endocrine therapy is currently being explored and the development of STS inhibitors, combined aromatase/steroid sulfatase inhibitors and 17-beta-HSD type 1 inhibitors is underway with promising initial results...

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..This non surgical technique potentially provides a non invasive, cosmetically pleasing result that is preferable to surgeon and patient...

..The use of a combination of surgical excision and liposuction through a periareolar incision represents the surgical approach of choice...

..Other proven agents include danazol and bromocriptine, but these have a higher side-effect profile and are rarely indicated nowadays. Newer treatments include lisuride maleate and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory preparations...

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..We studied COX-2 expression in invasive ductal cancer (IDC) specimens and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in order to clarify these issues...

..The over-expression of such enzymes seems to be associated with the development of a more aggressive disease process, a poorer outcome and increased local and distant recurrences...

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..This article reviews the evidence for and against the possible link between breast cancer and underarm cosmetics and highlights the need for further research to clarify this issue...

..Furthermore, our results indicate that in human breast cancers COX-2 overexpression is linked to VEGF-189 overexpression and therefore tumour angiogenesis...

..Osteopontin (OPN) overexpression in breast cancer has been associated with adverse pathological and clinical outcomes. In this study, the OPN expression profiles were examined in a cohort of breast cancer patients...

..Epidemiological studies suggest that NSAIDs confer a moderate degree of benefit against breast cancer. However further work is required to establish how this enzyme system can be best manipulated for therapeutic benefit...

..While Cyr61 appears to act as a factor stimulating aggressiveness, CTGF and Nov may act as tumour suppressors...

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..The expression levels of Com-1 in breast tumours are correlated with the prognosis of the patients and with the long term overall survival in association with ER status...