The Maka femur and its bearing on the antiquity of human walking: applying contemporary concepts of morphogenesis to the human fossil recordC Owen Lovejoy
Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Ohio 44242, USA
Am J Phys Anthropol 119:97-133. 2002
..Its anatomy provides no indication of any form of locomotion save habitual terrestrial bipedality, which very probably differed only trivially from that of modern humans...
- The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 3. The knee
C Owen Lovejoy
Department of Anthropology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
Gait Posture 25:325-41. 2007
..The history of these features in early hominids and their fundamental differences from their counterparts in apes are discussed...
Sexual dimorphism in Australopithecus afarensis was similar to that of modern humansPhilip L Reno
Matthew Ferrini Institute of Human Evolutionary Research, Department of Anthropology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:9404-9. 2003
..afarensis was principally monogamy...
- The great divides: Ardipithecus ramidus reveals the postcrania of our last common ancestors with African apes
C Owen Lovejoy
Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 0001, USA
Science 326:100-6. 2009
..The specialized locomotor anatomies and behaviors of chimpanzees and gorillas therefore constitute poor models for the origin and evolution of human bipedality...
- Spinopelvic pathways to bipedality: why no hominids ever relied on a bent-hip-bent-knee gait
C Owen Lovejoy
Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, OH, USA
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365:3289-99. 2010
..Reassessment of the potential pathway to early hominid bipedality now reveals an entirely novel sequence of likely morphological events leading to the emergence of upright walking...
- Careful climbing in the Miocene: the forelimbs of Ardipithecus ramidus and humans are primitive
C Owen Lovejoy
Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240 0001, USA
Science 326:70e1-8. 2009
..The Ar. ramidus forelimb complex implies palmigrady during bridging and careful climbing and exhibits none of the adaptations to vertical climbing, forelimb suspension, and knuckle-walking that are seen in extant African apes...
- The pelvis and femur of Ardipithecus ramidus: the emergence of upright walking
C Owen Lovejoy
Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 0001, USA
Science 326:71e1-6. 2009
..They therefore bear little or no functional relationship to the highly derived suspension, vertical climbing, knuckle-walking, and facultative bipedality of extant African apes...
- The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 2. Hip and thigh
C Owen Lovejoy
Matthew Ferrini Institute of Human Evolutionary Research, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
Gait Posture 21:113-24. 2005
..It is postulated that the latter may be more related to birthing capacity than to locomotion...
- The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 1. Spine and pelvis
C Owen Lovejoy
Department of Anthropology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Matthew Ferrini Institute of Human Evolutionary Research, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
Gait Posture 21:95-112. 2005
..Evolutionary aspects of the human spine and pelvis are reviewed, including their impact on several clinically relevant aspects of human gait and posture...
- Reexamining human origins in light of Ardipithecus ramidus
C Owen Lovejoy
Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 0001, USA
Science 326:74e1-8. 2009
....
- Comment: an early ape shows its hand
C Owen Lovejoy
Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
Proc Biol Sci 274:2373-4. 2007
- Combining prehension and propulsion: the foot of Ardipithecus ramidus
C Owen Lovejoy
Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA
Science 326:72e1-8. 2009
..The Ardipithecus gait pattern would thus have been unique among known primates. The last common ancestor of hominids and chimpanzees was therefore a careful climber that retained adaptations to above-branch plantigrady...
- Variation in mammalian proximal femoral development: comparative analysis of two distinct ossification patterns
Maria A Serrat
Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
J Anat 210:249-58. 2007
....
- Morphological analysis of the mammalian postcranium: a developmental perspective
C O Lovejoy
Department of Anthropology, Biological Anthropology Program, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:13247-52. 1999
..We suggest a trait classification system that can help integrate these findings in both functional and phylogenetic examinations of fossil mammals and provide examples from the human fossil record...
Ectocranial suture closure in Pan troglodytes and Gorilla gorilla: pattern and phylogenyJames Cray
Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
Am J Phys Anthropol 136:394-9. 2008
..gorilla exhibits a unique vault pattern, which, unlike humans and P. troglodytes, follows a strong posterior-to-anterior gradient. P. troglodytes is therefore more like Homo sapiens in suture synostosis...
- Femoral morphology and cross-sectional geometry of adult myostatin-deficient mice
M W Hamrick
Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
Bone 27:343-9. 2000
....
- Age- and site-specific decline in insulin-like growth factor-I receptor expression is correlated with differential growth plate activity in the mouse hindlimb
Maria A Serrat
Department of Anthropology and School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
Anat Rec (Hoboken) 290:375-81. 2007
..These results suggest that regulation of the IGF-IR may at least partially mediate differential long bone growth, thereby providing a local mechanism for altering skeletal proportions absent modification of systemic hormone levels...
- The vertebral formula of the last common ancestor of African apes and humans
Melanie A McCollum
Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, USA
J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 314:123-34. 2010
..Such an explanation is strongly congruent with additional details of lumbar column reduction and lower back stabilization in African apes...
- Patterns of correlation and covariation of anthropoid distal forelimb segments correspond to Hoxd expression territories
Philip L Reno
Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Science, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 310:240-58. 2008
..We, therefore, suggest that Hox-defined developmental modules have served as evolutionary modules during manual evolution in anthropoids...
- Growth plate formation and development in alligator and mouse metapodials: evolutionary and functional implications
Philip L Reno
School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242 0001, USA
J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 308:283-96. 2007
..Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the direct ossification of one epiphysis and reliance on a single growth plate is a derived character (synapomorphy) in therian mammals and likely indicates an adaptation for erect quadrupedal gait...
- The case is unchanged and remains robust: Australopithecus afarensis exhibits only moderate skeletal dimorphism. A reply to Plavcan et al. (2005)
Philip L Reno
J Hum Evol 49:279-88. 2005
- Questions about Orrorin femur
James C Ohman
Science 307:845; author reply 845. 2005
- Asa Issie, Aramis and the origin of Australopithecus
Tim D White
Human Evolution Research Center, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 3101 Valley Life Sciences Building, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
Nature 440:883-9. 2006
..Temporal and anatomical intermediacy between Ar. ramidus and Au. afarensis suggest a relatively rapid shift from Ardipithecus to Australopithecus in this region of Africa, involving either replacement or accelerated phyletic evolution...
- Of muscle-bound crania and human brain evolution: the story behind the MYH16 headlines
Melanie A McCollum
J Hum Evol 50:232-6. 2006
